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Bull Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Puberty in bulls | The capacity to get a cow pregnant |
| When does puberty occur in bulls? | About 1 year |
| What do bulls produce during puberty? | Sperm cells or spermatozoa |
| How are most cows mated? | Artificial Insemination (AI) |
| What is the process of collecting semen from bulls? | Collection, dilution, placed into straws, frozen in liquid nitrogen |
| What is the process for AIing cows? | Collecting frozen semen in a straw, thawing it, depositing it into the uterine gland in a heifer |
| Is all semen sold frozen? | Often in the US, but not always. Other countries (New Zealand) use fresh semen |
| How long can fresh semen last? | 5 days |
| Benefits of AI | Rapid genetic improvement, eliminated concerns of venereal disease (STDs), reduced injury for cows, safer for farm workers |
| Why has AI increased safety? | Dairy bulls are massive and mean. Can easily hurt cows or people |
| How many straws of frozen semen can you get per ejaculation? | 250 to 500 |
| How much do straws sell for? | $20 |
| How often in semen collected? | 2-3 times a week |
| Toystory | A famous bull with over 500,00 daughters |
| How many bulls are all cows descended from? | 2 |
| Bull stud | Where dairy bulls live and have their semen collected |
| Where are most bull studs in North America? | Wisconsin, Texas, Ohio, and Canada |
| National Cooperator Database | A database that holds all the information from all the cows in the world |
| What records go into the National Cooperator Database? | Milk labs (milk quality), farm records (health reports), classifier data (what the cow looks like), genomic information |
| Who processes the information in the National Cooperator Database? | Council on Diary Cow Breeding |
| Phenotype | Something that you can measure in a live animal |
| Genotype | The DNA sequence of an animal |
| What do you want from your sires? | Great daughters |
| What precent of diary cows in the US are female? | 93% |
| What does genomic testing require? | DNA from hair, blood, or ear punches |
| Central dogma of DNA | There are 3 billion base pairs in each organism, most of it is the same but the 1% that is different determines what makes calves great |
| Gene sequence | The way nucleotides are arranged to make an individual unique |
| Genetic marker | A DNA sequence that can be used to assess phenotypic variability |
| Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | A genetic marker that is a variation at a single position in the DNA sequence used to determine value |
| What do you assess in genetic markers? | Who has the good SNPs in their genome |
| How many bovine SNPs are tested? | 50,000 |
| What makes a good cow? | Two good markers, score of 2 |
| What makes an average cow? | One good marker and one bad marker, score of 1 |
| What makes a bad cow? | Two bad markers, score of zero |
| What score do you want in a cow? | The higher the better |
| Genomic sire | A sire that has never had a calf. All the information comes from a DNA test |
| What can the genetics of a sire tell you about his daughters? | Literally everything (milk production, physical characteristics, reproduction) |
| Contract mating | Old was of determining sire worth, breed good bull and cow and wait to see if that sire's daughters are any good |
| Genomic testing | New way of determining sire worth, collect eggs from genetically superior sires, IVF with genetically superior bulls, transfer best embryos to heifer and collect semen once sire is of age |
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