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Plant Biology Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Monosaccharides | Simple Sugars wit backbones of three to seven carbon atoms |
| Disaccharides | Formed when two monosaccharides bond together by dehydration synthesis |
| Polysaccharides | Formed when several to many monosaccharides bond together. |
| Isotopes | Form of an element that varies in its number of neutrons and atomic weight |
| Valence | Combining Capacity of an atom or an ion based on the electromagnetic number |
| Covalent Bonds | When 2 atoms complete their outermost energy level by sharing a pair of electrons. |
| Ionic Bonds | Electrons in outermost orbital can be removed from one atom and transferred to another atom. |
| Nucleotides | Composed of a nitrogenous base 5 carbon sugar Phosphate |
| Prokaryotic cells | Has no membrane bound nucleus DNA in Free floating Usually Bacteria |
| Eukaryotic cells | Complex cell Membrane bound Nucleus containing DNA Membrane bound organelles |
| Plasmodesmata | Cytoplasmic strands that extend between cells through minute openings. Fluids and dissolves substances pass through. |
| Dictyosomes | Golgi body in animals |
| 3-4 Major groups of plant organs | Roots, Stems, Leaves, Flowers |
| 4 Primary Tissues in primary plant body | Meristems, Ground Tissues, Dermal Tissues, Vascular Tissues |
| Meristems | Permanent regions of growth and active cell division |
| Apical Meristems | Found at the tips of roots and shoots |
| Lateral Meristems | Produce secondary tissues that increase the girth of roots and stems (secondary growth) |
| Intercalary Meristems | (aka basal meristems) occur in the vicinity of leaf. nodes, adds to stem length |
| Tissues produced by meristems | Shape is related to function, Simple tissues are composed of one type of cell, complex tissues have 2 or more cell types. |
| 3 Basic Cells | Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma |
| Parenchyma | Function: Storage, Basic metabolism very diverse, Most abundant and simplest cell type, Thin pliable walls, usually 14 sided at maturity. Looks like a bunch of hexagons put together. |
| Collenchyma | Elongated cells, unevenly thickened primary cell walls, cell walls lack lignin, alive at maturity, Provides strong flexible support. |
| Sclerenchyma | Rigid, thick, non-stretchable secondary cell walls with Lignin. Dead at maturity, Found in mature stems and trucks. |
| Sclereids | Scattered in Tissue, short variable shape, looks like the top of a blueberry or am irregular shape. |
| Xylem | transports water and nutrients form the roots to all other parts. Composed of parenchyma cells, fibers, Vessels, tracheas, and ray cells. |
| Vassels | Long Tubes made of Vessels element like thick secondary cells alls, open at both ends, perforation plate between end walls. |
| Tracheids | Tapered t the ends with pairs of pits that allow water to pass from cell to cell, dead at maturity, typical in gymnosperms |
| Rays | Function in Lateral conduction and food storage, composed of long-lived parenchyma cells |
| Phloem | Function: Transport food and organics throughout plant body, both up and down directions. Made up of fibers, parenchyma cells, and ray cells. |
| Sieve Cells | Found in non-flowering plants, quite long and slender with overlapping ends, |
| Dermal Tissue | Covers plant body, epidermis. Function: Water and nutrient absorption(roots), secretion of cuticle, gas exchange, prevents dehydration. |
| Epidermal Cuticle | fatty, waxy layer on the outside of leaves to keep water inside the leave and acts as a layer of protection. |
| Stomata | 2 Guard cells, subsidiary cells and gas exchange. Looks like lips or a PUH within a cell. |
| Trichomes | One or more cellular outgrowths of the epidermis (hairs) On things like peaches, or stinging nettle. Function: Protection, Nutrient Absorption. |
| Periderm | Secondary tissue in older stems and roots, forms after epidermal layer is lost. This and underlying phloem makes up bark. Function is Protection. |
| Lenticels | Loosely arranged pocket of parenchyma cells formed by cork cambium that protrude though the surface of periderm,. Allows for gaseous exchange. |
| 4 main groups of land plants | Bryotphytes - mosses and liverworts Phteriodophytes - ferns and allies Gymnosperm - Conifers Angiosperns - Flowing Plants |
| Embryophytes | Protects embryos on the parent body ( like a womb) |
| Gametangia | Multicellular organs, produce gametes makes the eggs ad sperm. |
| Sporangia | Multi cellular organs with spores. |
| Flavonoids | Used for UV protection for plants. |
| Lignin | Gives plants support and allows them to grow upward. |
| Natural selection | Tendency of organisms with favorable adaptions to their environment to survive and produce new generations |
| Organic evolution | Accumulation of genetic changes ion populations of living organisms through many changes. |
| Homology | a characters shared by different organisms with common ancestry. |
| Geographic isolation ( allopatric speciation) | Isolation of 2 populations prevents gene flow. Random mutations spread only throughout the population. Gene flow no longer occurs. |
| Ecological isolation (symmetric speciation) | Things such as climate control or the different types of soil may cause certain traits to be passed on. |
| Mechanical Isolation | Say a smaller flower need to be pollinated but the pees cannot fit into the flower then the plant will be encouraged to put out larger flowers. |
| Prezyotic Isolating mechanisims | Sperm chemically or mechanically prevented from reaching eggs. |
| Postzygotic isolating mechanisims | failure embryos to develop, and chromosomes may not pair normally at meiosis, resulting in sterile hybrids. |
| Apomixis | Production of seeds without fertilization (Ex: dandelions) |
Created by:
ardyczko