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RSMI Ch. 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| knowing by force of habit; invovles believing something simply because it is what we have longed believed | tenacity |
| knowledge gained from others; relying on others as our source of konwledge and beliefs | authority |
| relying on logic and rationality; rests on the use of logic and rational agrument to reach a conclusion about how things "must be" | reason |
| the process of forming judgments based on facts or premises | reasoning |
| knowledge based on experience; process of acquiring konwledge directly through observation and experience; philosophical viewpoint that all knowledge is derived from experience | empiricism |
| based on the senses - on experiences with the world | empirical knowledge |
| our tendency to selectively seek information that supports our views and avoid discomfirming information | confirmation bias/congeniality bias |
| relying on systematic empiricism; a process of systematically gathering and evaluating empirical evidence to answer questions and test ideas | science |
| list the goals of science | description, explanation, prediction, control |
| a tentative proposition about the causes or outcome of an event or, more generally, about how variables are related | hypothesis |
| a set of formal statements that specifies how and why variables or events are related | theory |
| remote causes | distal causes |
| immediate causes | proximal causes |
| to conclude that variable x had a causal effect on variabe y if there are covariation, temporal order, andthe absence of a plausible alternative explanation | causal inference |
| the presence of other factors that might plausibly have caused a result and must be ruled out | plausible alternative explanation |
| having influence over research settings and procedures and over the application of scientific knowledge | control |
| name characteristics of scientists | assumptions, empirical and systematic, testable questions, accuracy and objectivity, clear definitions and operationism, public reporting, tentative, self-correcting |
| in principle, can be tested empirically: through observation | empirical question or claim |
| in principle, an assertion is testable if we can envision gatheing some type of empirical evidene that will reveal the assertion to be false | falsifiability |
| examines fundamental nature of phenomena | basic research |
| directly focuses on helping to solve or evaluate a spefic real-world problem | applied research |
| an outlook that involves questioning the validity of claims before deciding whether to accept them | skepticism |
| a professional journal in which reports submitted for publication first undergo a screenign process by several experts (reviewers) | peer-reviewd journals |
| repeating a study to determine whether the original findings will be upheld | replication |
Created by:
alumesi