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Art History Midterm
Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polychromy | Multi-colored, most artworks were originally painted and the paint has simply faded. |
| Anthropomorphic | Any figure created in a human or human-like form |
| Composite Perspective | A manner of depicting figures or objects in painting or drawing where more than one viewpoint of the subject is shown at the same time. |
| Idealized | when a body was depicted as more than perfect to symbolize importance |
| Meander | Greek key patterns |
| Hierarchical scale | when something is made bigger than it should be in order to show that it is important compared to other figures or objects in the artwork |
| Monumental scale | excessively big |
| Registers | developed by the sumerians of dividing the scene into horizontal bands to break up the parts of the story being told creating a more visual timeline. |
| Monolithic | something made from a single large ston |
| Amarna period | when Amenhotep IV became king of egypt, he moved to a city called armana that he built, refocused worship from Egyptian gods to diety called aten (or the sun disk). first monotheistic religion. art is full of motion slender and exhagurated motions |
| Contrapposto | relaxed stance that Greek sculptors started giving human sculptures. Natural at rest pose of the human body where the weight rests on one foot, opposite knee is slightly bent with hip dipped a little, shoulders titled towards bent knee and head tilted |
| Doric order (of temple) | oldest of the orders. Columns have no bases and sit on the platform called stylobate, short/stocky columns and the capitals look like a cushion. above echinus is the abacus. DIREC ON GROUND |
| Ionic order (of temple) | Originated in eastern Greece, elegant and slender. sit on a round base called the stylobate, tall and thin columns with scroll volutes on capitals. |
| Mixed-order | combination of ionic frieze with Doric architectural features |
| Frontality | they face forwards and do not bend or twist |
| Foreshortening | one method to create the illusion of form and depth in 2D art in which objects closer to the viewer are depicted larger than they proportionally should be |
| Archaic smile | a weird grin, no matter what the person is doing seen in archaic Greek art |
| Ocher | a natural clay earth pigment varying from yellow to red to deep brown to purple. oldest known paint medium |
| Lapis lazuli | a hard stone prized in the ancient world for its deep blue color. Hard to come by, turning it into a symbol of power and status. |
| Cinnabar | form of oxidized Mercury that occurs naturally as a deep red pigment used in Cycladic figures |
| Egyptian blue | worlds first synthetic pigment made to look like lapis lazuli, still just as valuable due to what they were used for. |
| Faience | a clay-like material developed by the Egyptians that is hardened by firing in a kiln, creating a colorful glaze the can range reds to blues or greens. |
| Relief | a 3D artwork that is only partially depicted because it projects from a flat surface |
| Bas Relief | subject is barely raised from the background |
| Frieze | Horizontal collection of images |
| Mosaic | a decorative technique for covering surfaces (walls or floors) in patterns or (with the greeks) as figurative scenes. Small pieces of similarly shaped stone, clay, or glass (called tesserae) are arranged together and plastered to flat surface. |
| Gilding | a thin fold covering |
| Chasing | punching from the front to hammer forms, lines, and grooves into metal sheets |
| Repousse | hammering a thin sheet of metal from back to push design up into a raised relief. |
| Lost-wax casting | bronze used to make small sculptures, introduced from syria or egypt |
| Niello | decorative technique in which powdered nigellum was rubbed into very fine engraved lines, then fused to the surrounding metal with heat. makes black outlines. |
| Inlay | filling |
| Chryselephantine | statues made with gold and ivory |
| Fresco | pigment applied directly to wet plaster so that it sinks in |
| Tesserae | small pieces of similarly shaped stone, clay, or glass arranged into a mosaic |
| Apotropaic | worn for magical 'protection' |
| votive | an object that is placed in a shrine or temple by a person in exchange for help or blessings from a diety of that temple. |
| cult statue | a sculpture of a diety that was created to be placed in a temple or shrine to that diety and which provided a physical body for that diety to temp. inhabit in its temple or shrine |
| Libations | pouring liquid as a religious offering |
| ka-statue | statue of oneself where the ka could inhabit to eat, or have energy. |
| Cylinder seal | small cylinders that had carved designs on them with hollow centers that could be strung and hung around the neck, developed by sumerians. Used for protection, signatures, symbols of office, restrict access, marked ownership etc. |
| scarab seal | a hard stone or clay object used to create impressions in clay usually shaped like a scarab beetle (egypt) |
| Pediment | the triangle part at the top |
| Entablature | horizontal structure that rests on top of the columns |
| Column capital | the top part of a colum |
| column shaft | the cylindrical part of a column |
| Entablature frieze | (FOR IONIC) horizontal decorated band on the entablature |
| Metopes | square or rectangular panels that alternate with triglyphs in the entablature area of the Doric order temples that were usually filled with paintings or painted relief sculpture showing history or mythological events |
| Triglyphs | rectangular decoration in the entablature area or Doric order temples, have 3 vertical grooves and alternate with square or rec. panels (DORIC) |
| krater | a large mixing bowl used to dilute wine with water |
| Amphora | storage for liquids |
| Personification | an idea that has been put into a human form |
| Rites of passage | a ritual, ceremony, or important event that marks a person moving from one stage of life or social staus to another. |
| Attribute | features |
| Stela | an upright stone or wooden slab or column that is decorated with imagery or symbols or inscribed in written words, erected a a monument. |
| Atlatl(s) | invented by the solutreans, weapons for hurling projectiles such as spears or darts with much more force than simply your arm |
| griffin | a mythical hybrid beast that is a combination of an eagle and a lion (oldest ex. from Persia and egypt). |
| lamassu | claimed to be guarding figures with human heads, bodies of either lions or bulls, and horned crowns with varying numbers of horns and styles. |
| rod and Ring | a highly stylized object-pair depicting a diety holding it while passing it to a king or rich person. meant to symbolize authority of the king to make laws and control things, with this claimed authority by the diety |
| crook and flail | the implements held by the kings and by some of the gods. |
| sphinx | a hybrid form that originated in edyptian art, lions body with head or face of king, typically lined up against walkways. |
| uraeus | on the forehead of an egyptian king, the cobra (understood as a aggressive daughter of sun diety who was also the goddess of lower egypt). |
| Cartouche | looped rope that encloses the name of the king (or royalty). can be vertical or horizontal (ancient Egypt) |
| labrys | double headed axe |
| book of the dead | instructions and incantations for their idea of the afterlife |
| nemes headdress | ONLY WORN BY KINGS, a cloth head covering with blue and gold striped covering hair and draping behind the ears |
| Red crown | represented lower Egypt, has a cylindrical base with a tall back part and cruising while the came forward from the back part (usually red and had uraeus at the front). WORN BY KINGS OR DIETIES |
| white crown | represented upper Egypt, was tall and tapered to a rounded bulb like a bowling pin. WORN BY KINGS OR DIEITES (white and had uraeus at front). |
| canopic jars | jars for the stomach, intestine, lungs, and liver of the mummified body |
| herms | pillars with an erect phallus and the head of man, were understood to represent the diety hermes. |
| Greek sphinxes | female with eagles wings, said to have been send by the gods to plague a town as punishment for an ancient crime |
| kourns and Kore statues | Kore is a young woman kourns are young men, used as votive gifts, grave markers, gifts to atheletes seen in archaic greek |
| ziggurat | functioned as a platform for the temple of something in Sumeria (made of clay and sun-dried mud bricks). |
| pylon | monumental structures that symbolized the mountains of the horizon in new kingdom Egypt temples |
| obelisk | tall pointy monuments set up in temples and temple precincts by kings. covered in inscriptions and imagery to commemorate the king/kings ancestors. |
| corbelling | a construction technique used to create domes or arches that can bear weight, used on cycladic tombs or temples. |
| cyclopean masonry | very largely cut stone blocks ex. seen surrounding hattusa |
| step-pyramid | this is a pyramid built like steps |
| mastaba | mud bricks rectangular buildings with hallways inside for statues and other items the dead person might need and a burial chamber in a shaft below the structure. |
| tholos tomb | where Mycenaean families buried their dead in large, rounded, conical-shaped tombs |
| hypostyle hall | a forest of gigantic decorated columns with a roof, in the middle of the karnak temple |
| patron | a person who paid artists to make specific artworks or employed them on a continuing basis |
| commission | the act of requesting the creation of an artwork (usually on behalf of a rich individual or institution). |
| polytheistic/polytheism | worship more than on god/goddess |
| monotheistic/monotheism | worship of only one god |
| pantheon | (group of gods/goddesses) |
| zoroastrianism | one of the earliest monotheistic religions practiced by cyrus the great, became the official religion of the achaemenid empire, symbol was the faravahar |
| acropolis | highest point of Greek polis functioned as a fortified religious center and Treasury |
| trojan war | war in Greece, debate over which goddess was the most beautiful, then Helen was abducted and the trojan horse was designed to invaid land with army people inside the horse |
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