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Unit 2 anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epidermal layers: | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale |
| Stranum corneum: | Outermost layer.top protective layer made of flat dead skin cells(keratinocytes) |
| Stratum spinousum | thickest layer adds strength and flexibility(keratinocytes: dendritic immune antigen cells) |
| Stratum granulosum: | grainy layer in the middle where cells begin to flatten (flattened keratinocytes.) |
| Stratum lucidum: | clear layer found in thick skins like the palms and soles.(dead keratinocytes) |
| Stratum basale: | deepest layer where (keratinocytes) new skin cells are made. (cuboidal or columnar) It also has melanocytes giving skin its pigments.(keratinocytes, melanocytes,Merkel cells) |
| Dermal layers: | papillary and reticular |
| Papillary layer | the top layer of the dermis right under the epidermis. loose connective tissue(areolar) finger like projection extending upward) |
| Reticular layer | deeper and thicker layer of the dermis sitting below the papillary and going down to the hypodermis.dense irregular connective tissue.(thick reticulated net like meshwork. |
| hypodermis | ubcutaneous tissue, subcutis, superficial fascia. |
| Hypodermis features | loose connective tissue (adipose and areolar) it has large blood vessels and nerves. |
| Hair strucutes | Hair shaft, root, bulb, follicle |
| Hair shaft: | visible part of hair that projects above the skins surface |
| Hair root: | portion anchored deep within the dermis |
| Hair bulb | swollen base of the hair root |
| Hair follicle: | pocket like invasion of the epidermis that wraps around the hair root. |
| Function of arrector pili: | Tiny band of smooth muscle connecting the hair follicle to the dermal tissue. It contracts in response to cold temps or emotional stress, makes hair stick up. |
| Melanin | Eumelanin and Pheomelanin |
| Eumelanin: | brown and black pigments |
| Pheomelanin: | yellow and red pigments |
| Nail strucute | Nail plate, bed, root, matrix, lunula, cuticle.eponychium, hyponuchium |
| Nail plate: | visible hard outer portion of the nail that rests on the nail bed |
| nail bed | layer of living epidermis covered by the nail plate |
| Nail root: | the proximal part of the nail embedded deep under the skin |
| Nail matrix: | thickened growing zone of the proximal epithelium |
| Lunula: | white crescent shaped area |
| Cuticle/eponychium: | the fold of dead skin/stratum corneum that overlaps the base of the nail body |
| hyponychium: | thickened stratum corneum securing the free edge |
| Nails are made of | thick layers of hard keratin. |
| Nails grow | from the hair matrix. Cells divide in the matrix and become keratinized and are pushed forward distally |
| apocrine gland | secretes thick seat rich in lipids.proteins. Deep dermis/hypodermis is empty into hair follicles. |
| Eccrine/merocrine gland | secretes watery salty sweat. Deep dermis/hypodermis ducts open directly onto the skin surface. |
| sebaceous gland | secretes oil. Always connected to hair follicles. |
| Types of burns | first degree, second degree, third degree |
| First degree: | epidermis/outer layer only. It's red, mild swelling, pain to touch, NO blisters. Heals in 3 to 6 days. Get by hot pan, curling iron, mild sunburn, hot tap water. |
| Second degree: | outer layer and layer under. It has blisters, skin is wet or shiny, sharp pain, 2-3 weeks of healing. Can get them from severe sunburns, boiling hot liquid, open flames. |
| Third degree: | all layers of skin. Is black, waxy or leathery, no pain in center, skin doesnt turn white in the middle. Needs months or years to heal. Being trapped in house fire, prolonged contact with hot stove, hot liquid or chemicals. |
| causes skin cancer: | ultraviolet radiations from sun or tanning beds |
| Types of skin cancer | Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma. |
| Basal cell carcinoma: | lower part of epidermis, 80% of the time, come on sun exposed areas like the face and neck as shiny pearly bumps, waxy pink growths or a sore that bleeds and scabs over, it grows slowly. |
| Squamous cell carcinoma: | middle layer or upper layer, it's the second most common, appears on sun exposed areas and looks rough, scaly red patch, firm red nodule or a sore that won't heal |
| Melanoma | :pigment produces melanocytes, its less common its a mole that changes in shape, color or size. |
| Which cancer is the worse | Melanoma(because it can grow and spread rapidly while the others rarely spread) |
| ABCS of skin cancer | Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolution |
| A-asymmetry: | one half of the mole of spot doesn't match the other |
| B-border: | the edges are irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred. |
| C-color: | not uniform; it has different shades of brown, black, tan, red, white, or blue. |
| D-Diameter | larger than 6 millimeters |
| E-Evolution: | the mole changes in size, shape, or color. |
Created by:
Mano565