Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Stack #4729741
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| explain the difference between reactions that require energy in put and those that release energy. give an example of each. | ANABROLIC- ENERGY IS REQUIRED, SMALL MOLECULES ARE BUILT INTO LARGER ONES CATABROLIC- ENERGY IS RELEASED, LARGE MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER ONES |
| where does nearly all energy used by living organisms ultimately come from? | FROM THE SUN |
| why can't energy conversions in cells ever be 100% efficient? | SOME ENERGY IS ALWAYS LOST IN AN UNUSUAL FORM (TYPICALLY HEAT) |
| what is meant by "entropy," and why does it increase in natural processes? | ENTROPY IS MOLECULAR DISORDER ENTROPY INCREASES IN THE NATURAL POWERS BECAUSE THE NATURAL PROCESSES ARE DRIVEN BY RANDOM MOTION OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES. (2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS) |
| define "free energy" in a biological system. how does it relate to the ability of a cell to do work? | FREE ENERGY IS THE AMOUNT OF USABLE ENERGY IN A SYSTEM ITS ABLE TO DO WORK |
| what field of biology studies the movement and transformation to energy in living systems? | BIOENERGETICS |
| define endergonic reactions. are they energy-releasing or energy-storing? | NON-SPONTANEOUS REACTION- ENERGY STORING |
| what is the ultimate source of energy for most life forms? | SUN |
| give an example of an energy transformation. why are energy transformations never 100% efficient? | PLANTS CONVENT LIGHT ENERGY INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY ELECTRIC ENERGY IN LIGHT BULLS IS CONVERTED INTO LIGHT ENERGY -LOST IN AN UNUSABLE FORM- TYPICALLY HEAT |
| what is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism called? | METABOLISM |
| state the first law of thermodynamics. | ENERGY CAN NEVER BE CREATED OR DESTROYED, IT JUST HANGES FORMS |
| what does entropy measure? | MOLECULAR DISORDER |
| what does free energy (^ G) represent? | CUAILABLE, LESABLE ENERGY BEFORE AND AFTER A CHEMICAL REACTION TAKES PLACE. |
| what does bioenergetics study? | THE WAY ENERGY FLOWS FROM ONE LIVING THING TO ANOTHER |
| compare anabolic and catabolic pathways. what role do they play in metabolism? | ANABOLIC PATHWAYS REQUUIRE ENERGY TO SYNTHESINGE LARGER MOLECULES CATABOLIC PATHWAYS ARE THOSE THAT GENERATE ENERGY BY BREAKING DOWN LARGER MOLECULES METABOLISM ROLE- REQUIRED FOR MAINTAINING THE CELLS ENERGY BALANCE |
| how do enzymes make chemical reactions proceed faster? | ENNYMES LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGY |
| why can enzymes be used over and over in reactions? | ENNYMES ARE MOST DESTOYED OR CHANGED DURING CHEMICAL REACTIONS SO THEY CAN BE USED OVER AND OVER |
| what factors in a cell can change how well enzymes functions? | TEMPERATURE, PH LEVEL, AND SALT CONCENTATION |
| describe how an inhibitor can interfere with enzyme activity. | COMPETITIVE INHEBRITION BIND DIRECTLY IN THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYMES NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBRITORS- BIND TO THE ENZYME SOMEWHERE OUTSIDE OF THE ACTIVE SITE |
| in terms of structure, where is the "energy currency" stored in an ATP molecule? | PHOSPHATE GROUP |
| why is it important for cells to maintain stable internal conditions for enzyme activity? | ANY LARGE VARIATIONS CAUSE THE ENZYME TO UNFOLD (DEMATTER) AND STOP FUNCTIONING |
| what is an anabolic pathway, and how does it differ from a catabolic pathway? | ANABOLIC PATHWAYS ARE THOSE THAT REQUIRE ENERGY TO SYNTHESIS LARGER MOLECULES. -DIFFERENA? ANABOLIC PATHWAY CONSUME ENERGY, WHILE CATABOLIC RELEASE IT |
| what is a catabolic pathway, and what does it release? | CATABOLIC PATHWAYS GENERATE ENERGY BY BREAKING DOWN LARGER MOLECULES- THEY RELEASE ENERGY |
| how do enzymes speed up reactions? | ENZYMES LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGY |
| are enzymes reusable after catalysis? explain | YES, THEY ARE NOT DESTROYED SO THEY CAN BE USED OVER AND OVER |
| what is the active site of an enzyme, and what binds there? | THE SPECIFIC LOCATION WITHIN THE ENZYME THAT PERFORMS THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS IS THE ACTIVE SITE |
| list three factors that affect enzyme function | TEMPERTURES, PH LEVEL, SUBSTANCES |
| how does a competitive inhibitor affect enzyme activity? | COMPETITIVE INHEBRITORS BIND DIRECTLY IN THE ACTIVE SITE OF AN ENZYME, PREVENTING INTO NORMAL SUBSTANCES FROM BENDING AND LOWERING THE PRODUCTION |
| where is energy mainly stores in ATP? | ? |
| what process ensures enzyme are kept at optimal pH for function inside a cell? | ? |
| what is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? | BREAKDOWN GLUCOSE AND CONVERT INTO ATP (ENERGY) |
| where in the cell does glycolysis take place, and what products are formed? | CYTOPLASM- PRODUCE 2 ATP, 2 NADH, AND 2 PYRUVATE |
| what happens to pyruvate when oxygen is present versus when it is absent? | WITH OXYGEN- ENTERS THE MITOCHONDRIA FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION WITHOUT OXYGEN- FERMENTATION IN THE CYTOPLASM |
| which stage of respiration provides the most ATP for the cell, and how? | ELECTRON TRANSPORT STAGE- THROUGH CHEMIOSOMOSIS |
| why is the mitochondrion often called the "powerhouse" of the cell? | IT GENERATES THE MAJORITY OF ATP DURING AEROBIC (W/OXYGEN) RESPIRATION |
| describe one way organisms can make ATP without oxygen. | THROUGH FERMENTATION |
| why does fermentation make bread dough rise? | THE YEAST RELEASES CARBON DIOXIDE (C02) GAS BUNDLES EXPAND |
| explain the role of electrons carriers (like NADH) in respiration. | TRANSPORT HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS TO THE ELECTRON, TRANSPORT CHAIN |
| what is the final stage of respiration, and what happens there? | OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION- GENERATE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF ATP |
| where in the eukaryotic cell does the citric acid cycle occur? | MITOCHONDRIA |
| which step of cellular respiration directly produces the greatest net ATP per glucose? | OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION |
| where does glycolysis occur in the cell? | CYTOPLASM |
| what are the net products of glycolysis per glucose molecule? | 2 PRYUVATE, 2 NET ATP, 2 NADH |
| how many net ATP are produced from glycolysis? | 2 ATP |
| how can cells still make ATP without oxygen? | FERMENTATION |
| what process makes bread dough rise? | ALCOHOL FERMENTATION |
| what is the product of latctic acid fermentation? | LACTIC ACID AND NAD+ |
| what is the role of NAD in metabolism? | ELECTRON CARRIERS |
| what happens to pyruvate after glycolysis under aerobic conditions? | PYRUVATE OXIDATION |
| what happens to pyruvate before it exerts the citric acid cycle? | OXIDINGED INTO 2 ACETYL-COA |
| what is the last step of cellular respiration? | OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION |
| contrast how autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain energy. | AUTOTROPHS PRODUCE THEIR OWN FOOD. HETEROTROPHS ARE INCAPABLE OF MAKING THEIR OWN FOOD AND MUST OBTAIN ENERGY FROM THEIR DIET. |
| how is photosynthesis related to cellular respiration? | PHOTOSYNTHESIS STORES ENERGY IN GLUCOSE WHILE CELLULAR RESPIRATION RELEASES ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE |
| where in a leaf does most phototsynthesis occur? | THE MESOPHYLL |
| why do leaves have small openings, and what are they called? | STOMATA- THEY OPEN AND CLOSE TO EXCHANGE C02 (GOING IN) AND 02 (GOING OUT) |
| what are the two main stages of photosynthesis, and what happens in each? | PHOTO (LIGHT) REACTIONS USES THE SUNS ENERGY SYNTHESIS- REACTIONS CRAFT TOGETHER COMPONENTS THAT MAKE UP SUGARS, PARTICULARLY GLUCOSE |
| in which part of the chloroplast do the light reactions occur? | THYLAKOIDS |
| in which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur? | STROMA |
| what is the main carbohydrate-related product of the Calvin cycle? | GLYCERALDEHYDE- 3- PHOSHATE (G3P) |
| why is the regeneration of ruBP important for photosynthesis? what does rubisco do? | RuBP KEEPS THE CALVIN CYCLE RUNNING. RUBRISCO ATTACHES CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) TO RuBP TO START THE CYCLE |
| why do plants appear green? | REFLECTS GREEN BECAUSE IT ABSORBS RED AND BLUE WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT |
| which photosystem is responsible for splitting water and releasing oxygen? | PHOTOSYSTEM 2 |
| what happens to electrons when light energy cites pigment molecules? | ELECTRONS GAIN ENERGY AND LEAVE THE PIGMENT MOLECULE |
| how do accessory pigments like carotenoids help plants survive? | PROTECT PLANTS FROM UV AND OTHER HIGH ENERGY RADIATION |
| how do hetertrophs obtain their energy? | THEY MUST OBTAIN ENERGY FROM THEIR DIET |
| the overall equation of photosynthesis is essentially the reverse of what process? | CELLULAR RESPIRATION |
| in leaves, where does most photosynthesis take place? | CHLOROPLASTS |
| what are the openings in leaves that allow gas exchange called? | STOMATA |
| what are the two main stages of photosynthesis? | THE PHOTOPHASE SYNTHESIS/CALVIN CYCLE |
| where do the light reactions take place? | THYLAKOIDS |
| what gas is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis? | OXYGEN (O2) |
| what is the main product of the Calvin cycle? | G3P (GLYCERALDEHYDO 3- PHOSPHATE) |
| which molecule is regenerated at the end of the Calvin cycle to keep it going? | RuBP (RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE) |
| in what part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle take place? | STROMA |
| what role do carotenoids play in plants? | PROTECT PLANTS FROM UV AND OTHER HIGH ENERGY RADIATION |
| how does the energy of shorter wavelengths of light compare to longer wavelengths? | THE SHORTER THE WAVE LENGTH THE. HIGHER THE ENERGY THE LONGER THE WAVE LENGTH THE LOWER THE ENERGY |
| what color of light does chlorophyll a reflect, making most plants appear green? | ITS ABSORBS RED AND BLUE WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT |
| what enzyme is responsible for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle? | RUBISCO |
| which photosystem splits water to release oxygen? | PHOTOSYPTEM 2 |
| what happens to electrons in pigments when they absorb light energy? | ELECTRONS GAIN ENERGY AND LEAVE THE PIGMENT MOLECULE |
| how are fats broken down to provide energy? | THROUGH LIPOYPIS |
| what are ketone bodies, and when do cells rely on them? | ALTERNATIVE FUEL- CELLS RELY ONN THEM DURING FASTING OR DIAFETERS |
| under what conditions does the body enter ketosis? | WHEN THE BODIES GLUCOSE RUNS OUT AND FORCES IT TO BURN FAT FOR ENERGY |
| what process allows cells to build fatty acids? | LIPO GENESIS |
| what is the starting material for fatty acids synthesis? | ACETYL-CoA |
| what is gluconeogensis, and when might it occur in the body? | FORMATION OF GLUCOSE FROM NON- CARBONHYDRATES- OCCURS WHEN BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS FALL TOO LOW |
| what happens to the nitrogen waste that comes from amino acid metabolism? | PRODUCES TOXIC AMMONIA |
| what is lipolysis? | BREAKDOWN OF TRIGLYCERIDES INTO GLYCEROL PLUS FATTY ACIDS |
| what are ketosis increase significantly? | WHEN THE BODIES GLUCOSE RESERVES ARE GONE |
| what is lipogenesis? | SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS FROM ACETYL- CoA |
| which enzyme Is involved In both the formation of triglycerides in the liver and deesterification of triglycerides in VLDLs? | insulin |
| what is the starting molecule in fatty acid synthesis? | ACETYL- CoA |
| what is gluconeogenesis? | FORMATION OF GLUCOSE FROM NON- CARBONHYDRATES |
| the metabolism of amino acids results in the production of what toxic compound, and how is it excreted? | AMMONIA- EXCRETED IN URINE |
| what are Ketone bodies used for? | ALTERNATIVE FUEL |
Created by:
Allison_lynne07