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Chapter 13 SS Study
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amnesty | (Pardon) for oath of loyalty (forgiveness) |
| Andrew Jackson | Vice President, Southern Democrat who remained loyal to the Union. Did not support equal rights for African Americans, and had a moderate approach to reconstruction. |
| Integrate | is the process of bringing different groups together into a single, unified society with equal rights and access. |
| Presidential Reconstruction | Johnson proposes it. Required forgiveness to the Confederates, the state government must reject the session and ratify the 13th amendment. It does not address voting rights for African Americans. This applies to states that had not applied to Lincoln agree to Johnson's terms. Some states do not fully comply. |
| Black Codes | imited the economic, political, and social freedom of African Americans, and it guaranteed a cheap labor force. (lasted a year). |
| Memphis Riots | located in Tennessee, lasted 3 days. Destroyed all the city’s black churches and schools and almost 100 homes. |
| New Orleans Riots | Resistance to African American citizenship. (turned violent. )White mob killed 35 and wounded 100+ African Americans. |
| Thaddeus Stevens | Was a leader of the Radical Republicans. From (PA) and led in the House. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | Grant’s citizenship to African Americans, Johnson vetoes; Congress overrides. It was an attempt to get rid of the black codes, but there was no real way to enforce it. |
| 14th Amendment | Grant’s citizenship to all persons “born or naturalized” in the U.S including formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with “equal protection under the laws.” |
| Reconstruction Acts of 1867 | Doesn’t recognize most new state governments, divides the South into military districts. Sets new conditions for reentry in Union. Johnson believes the act is unconstitutional, vetoes; Congress overrides. |
| Congressional Reconstruction | Johnson insulted on tour urging election of supporters of his plan, moderates, radicals win ⅔ majority in Congress, can override veto. |
| Carpetbaggers | persons from the North who went to the South after the civil war to profit from reconstruction. |
| Scalawag | White southerners who supported radical republicans. (poor southerners did not like being poor and they thought the north could help fix it. |
| Impeachment | formally charge misconduct in office. |
| Edwin Stanton | Johnson tried to fire him which led to impeachment. |
| Tenure of Office Act | Restricted the President’s power to remove certain people from office. |
| Sharecropping | Farming system where sharecroppers worked someone else’s land in exchange for a share of crop harvest. |
| Tenant Farming | A system where farmers pay rent in cash or crops to work land owned by someone else. |
| Debt Peonage | A financial condition where a person was forced to work of debt and is not allowed to leave until debt is paid unfair or illegal conditions. |
| Ku Klux Klan | A violent, white supremacist group that used terror and intimidation to oppose civil rights for Black Americans. |
| Enforcement Acts (Ku Klux Klan Acts) of 1871 | gave the federal government control of the national elections, outlawed organized attempts to deprive voters of their civil rights, and banned efforts to bar any citizen from holding public office. |
| 40 Acres and a Mule | a failed 1865 promise to give freed Black families land and a mule for self-sufficiency after the civil war. |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | Dispensed medicine, food and clothing to former slaves and poor votes. Establish schools (1,000). Drew up contracts b/w laborers and land owners. Southerners did not like this. |
| National Equal Rights League | One of the oldest nationwide human rights organizations in the U.S. The goal was to end racial discrimination and segregation, but advocate voting rights and promote black self-resilience. |
| Blanch K Bruce | First black man to serve a full term in the U.S senate, was a " former slave. |
| Hiram Revels | First African American U.S senator. |
| Pinckney Pinchback | The first African American to serve as a U.S senate governor, acting as Louisiana leader in 1872. |
| Oscar Dunn | First elected African American lieutenant governor of Louisiana (1868-1871) was a former slave and died mysteriously. |
| Horatio Seymour | A New York politician who served as a governor and was the 1868 Democratic presidential nominee. |
| 15th Amendment | Gives voting rights to all (meaning all men) regardless of color. |
| Poll taxes | Fee to register to vote |
| Literacy test | Proof voters can read and write but the assessments were not fair. |
| Grandfather clause | Can vote if father, grandfather, voted before 1867, you automatically get to vote. |
| Liberal Republicans | A group that split from the Republican party. Republicans who called for honesty opposed Grant’s re-election, and wanted to end reconstruction. |
| Horace Greely | abolitionist - republican - who did not support slavery. Supporter of 14 and 15th Amendments. Universal forgiveness for the South. End to military rule in south Freedmen should fend for themselves. |
| Credit Mobilier | railroad going nowhere. Fake construction company used by Union Pacific Railway. Overcharge the government and keep the profit. Gave stock to Congress members to avoid punishment. Early example of political corruption; hurt Congress reputation. No one really got punished. |
| Panic of 1873 | A series of financial failures that triggered a five-year depression. |
| U.S. vs Cruikshank | Ruled the federal government couldn’t punish individuals for civil rights violation only states could. It weakened the 14th Amendment and protection of black rights. It hurt reconstruction efforts, encouraged violence by groups like the KKK. |
| U.S. vs Reese | Said the 15th Amendment does not guarantee the right to vote it only bans discrimination by race. It allowed states to use poll taxes, literally tests, and other barriers. |
| Samuel Tilden | democrat, wins popular vote but falls one shy in electoral vote. |
| Rutherford B. Hayes | republican, won presidency (20 votes are contested possible voter fraud.) |
| Compromise of 1877 | Ends reconstruction. South approves Hayes in exchange for; withdrawal of federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina, federal money to build railroads from Texas to the West Coast and improve bridges, harbors, and rivers. Conservation Southern member to Hayes cabinet. |
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