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zoo exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phylum Porifera | sponges |
| Phylum Cnidaria | Jellies, hydra, corals, anemones, etc. |
| Phylum Platyhelminthes | Flatworms |
| Phylum Nematoda | Roundworms |
| Phylum Annelida | Segmented worms |
| Phylum Mollusca | Cephalopods, clams, sea slugs, etc. |
| What are the three types of sponge body systems? | Asconoids, syconoid, leuconoid |
| How does sponges sexual reproduction work? | Produce free moving larvae which move to find new spot for permanent habituation |
| How does sponges asexual reproduction work? | through budding or by gemmules |
| Characteristics of Calcarea sponges | spicules made from calcium carbonate, typically small |
| Characteristics of hexactinellida sponges | called glass sponges, produce a glass-like lattice behind after death |
| Characteristics of Demospongiae sponges | About 95% of sponge species, all members are leuconoid. |
| What do Choanocytes do? | creates water flow to collect food/sexual reproduction |
| What do archaeocytes (ameobocytes) do? | phagocytes food |
| What do sclerocytes do? | spicule secretion |
| What do pinacocytes do? | forms outer covering of sponge, phagocytizes food |
| What do myocytes do? | contractile |
| What are fibers in sponges? | Fibrous fibers made of collagen, rigid ones made of siliceous |
| What are spicules in sponges? | needle-like pins for structure |
| What are mesohyl (ECM) in sponges? | connective "tissue" of sponges |
| What is a pinacoderm in sponges? | outer layer of cells |
| What is a dermal ostia in sponges? | pores for incurrent water |
| What is a spongocoel in sponges? | internal cavity for some sponges |
| What is an oscula in sponges? | large hole for excurrent water |
| What is a medusa phase? | Jellyfish form, lives freely in the water column |
| What is a polyp phase? | Hydroid form, lives at the bottom and is sessile |
| What do tentacles do for cnidarians? | used for defense, prey capture, feeding, and sensory information |
| What is a asconoid system? | Choanocytes lie in large chamber called spongocoel. water enters through microscopic dermal ostia by beating flagella on choanocytes |
| What is a syconoid system? | Choanocytes lie in canals. only has a single osculum, but the lining has been folded to make choanocyte lined canals |
| What is a leuconoid system? | Choanocytes occupy distinct chambers. most complex system, permits increased size. |
| What are statocysts? | Sensory structures for orientation |
| What are ocelli? | sensory structures for light reception |
| Cnidocytes | cells that contain cnidae |
| Cnidae | Stinging organelles |
| Operculum | Lid that covers the end of the capsule |
| Cnidocil | trigger mechanism to "spring" the capsule |
| Hydrozoa (hydroids) | typically have both sexual medusa phase and asexual polyp phase. but the polyp phase is dominant |
| Scyphozoa | True jellyfish, medusa phase is dominant. mesoglea is thick. |
| Cubazoa | medusa phase dominant, bell is square shaped and tentacles found at each corner |
| Anthozoa | Flower animals, no medusa phase. Polyps are much larger than hydrozoan polyps |
| what do flatworms use osmoregulation for? | Water balance |
| What do flatworms use excretion for? | waste removal via diffusion across the body wall |
| protonephridia | little primitive kidney acoelomates arranged as a flame cell system |
| What are flatworms nervous systems like? | Ladder-like arrangement of a simple brain and sub epidermal nerve plexus |
| Class Turbellaria | free living flatworms |
| Class Trematoda | endoparasitic flukes |
| Class monogenea | parasitic flukes that are mainly ectoparasites |
| Class Cestoda | endoparasitic tapeworms |
| what type of body cavity do nematodes have? | Pseudocoelom (fake body cavity) |
| Where do nematodes have sensory papillae? | around head and tail, detects touch and vibration |
| What are renettes? | Ventral cell glands posterior to the pharynx |
| What are bursa? | Clasping organ that allows the male to hold onto the female |
| Metamerism | Division of the body into segments |
| Polychaetes | Annelids with many setae |
| What is a mantle? | two folds of skin, outgrowths of the dorsal body wall form a protective layer |
| Class Gastropoda | Snails, slugs, sea hares, sea butterflies, etc |
| torsion | Change in relative position of shell, digestive tract, etc. during development |
| Class Bivaliva | mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, etc. |
| Class Cephalopoda | squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses, etc. |
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