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HN 2 6-7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| recognize chemical structure of amino acids and proteins | each have carboxyl acid, amino, hydrogen, and R group glycine- CH2, alanine- CCH3, aspartic acid- CCH2 CO2H, phenylalanine- CCH2 with diamond shape |
| list the 9 essential amino acids | PVT TIM HALL (without A) |
| protein digestion (include enzymes) | mouth- moisten food with saliva stomach- HCL denatures protein, pepsinogen to pepsin, pepsin makes proteins smaller polypeptides small int/pancreas- proteases take polypep to di/tri and aa, enzymes hydrolyze peptides and absorb them |
| protein absorption (include enzymes) | di or aa occur via active transport several carriers depending on aa aa absorbed directly into blood some aa made into plasma proteins some aa are transported and synthesized into proteins |
| func of protein in body | regulation of water balance, catalyze reactions-enzymes, growth and maintenance of tissue-muscles bones, form essential body compounds-hormones T3-4, transfer of nutrients, maintenance of pH, defense, detoxification- breakdown drugs, energy production- 4 |
| describe deamination, where it occurs, what products produced, fate of products | stripped of their nitrogen-containing amino groups where- liver products- ammonia NH3, carbon structure w/o its amino group=keto acid fate- produces ammonia which is toxic to cells |
| difference between high quality and low quality protein/ include food sources for each | high quality- contain all essential amino acids required amount need by human body, animal food sources low quality- require additional protein to be utilized by body, plant food sources |
| factors used to evaluate protein quality | Amino acid score- measurement of amount of amino acids in food or diet doesn't account for digestive sys, absorption, and biological sys |
| health benefits and recommendations for protein | 10-35%, 200-700 kcals, improve nutrition intake, provides energy |
| problems that result from inadequate intake of protein and protein energy malnutrition | heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, obesity, kidney stones, slowed growth, impaired brain and kidney function, weakened immunity, and inadequate nutrient absorption |
| health effects of over consumption or supplements of protein | cause diarrhea, limit absorption of other amino acids causing a deficiency, toxicity |
| calculate the protein needed daily using the RDA for protein | lbs to kg /2.2 kg x 0.8 |
| Metabolism | sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells |
| Catabolism | large molecules are broken down to smaller ones, release energy, digestion of carbohydrates, fat breakdown |
| Anabolism | small molecules are put together to build larger ones, require energy, protein synthesis, glycogen storage |
| name one of body's high energy molecules/describe how it is used | ATP, body uses it for energy to power all the activities of the living cells |
| four basic units used in metabolic transformation/how many carbons are in backbone of each | Carbohydrate-glucose-6 carbons lipids- glycerol/fatty acids-3 carbons (typically 12 to 18) Protein-amnio acids- 3 pyruvate, 3 acetyl CoA |
| anaerobic metabolism | quick energy needs, not requiring oxygen, pyruvate to lactate, couple minutes at most |
| aerobic metabolism | slower energy needs, require oxygen, pyruvate to acetyl CoA, sustained for a long time |
| how insufficient oxygen influences metabolism | makes cells go from a efficient aerobic energy production to an less sufficient anaerobic pathway |
| how a surplus of the three energy nutrients contributes to body fat stores | carbo- extra glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscles protein- extra amino acids are deaminated, remaining carbon skeletons are stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue fat- reassemble them as triglycerides in fat cells |
| adaptations the body makes during a fast | developed hormonal responses to simultaneously reduce its energy output and conserve both its fat and its lean tissue during prolonged insulin levels drop primary fuel switched to fats and ketones |
| ketone bodies | acidic compounds produced by the liver during the incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available |
| ketosis | body's chemistry is shifting, may experience a loss of appetite and a dramatic weight loss within the first few days |
| steps of glucose metabolism | glycolysis happens making pyruvate pyruvate move to mitochondria making acetyl CoA then to TCA cycle through electron transport making ATP |
| steps of glycerol metabolism | phosphorylation- turns to glycerol phosphate enter glycolysis to go to pyruvate eventually yielding energy |
| steps of fatty acid metabolism | oxidation happens making acetyl CoA then through TCA cycle then electron transport making ATP |
| steps of amino acid metabolism | goes through deamination/transamination goes to pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA cycle then generates ATP |
Created by:
hjt30