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psych midterms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does it mean when ppl say scientific claims, can be falsified? | the study can be modified to fit what the researcher wants to reflect- biased studies. or the findings says something and the final result says otherwise |
| What is an operational definition? | a precise description of how the variable of interest will be observed and measured in a study |
| What key component makes a study an experimental study (and not purely correlational)? | having randomly assigned participants to certain conditions, having manipulated the independent variable, measure the dependable variable for all participants, compare groups to verify manipulation effect. |
| What is a hypothesis? | a specific, possible explanation that can be tested through research |
| how should researchers talk about the relationship between their findings and their hypotheses? | the findings have a certain amount of support of the hypothesis or claim, but does not prove anything to be certain |
| What is the essential process by which social psychologists conduct their research? Q1 | research methods |
| What is replication in social psychological research? | repeating the main point of research study to see if the findings apply to other people, places, circumstances |
| Why might a replication not find the exact same results as the original study? | the replication study might not be suited for the conditions the first study was conducted under. |
| What is anecdotal evidence? | personal experience or everyday observations we register as evidence of something |
| an example of how people may use anecdotal evidence to draw conclusions? | can lead to biases; i saw this multiple times (3) so it must be true. or i did this like 2 times and it worked so now im going to relly on it in the future- me lmao |
| classic experimental design: | random assignments manipulate independent variable measure w all participants compare groups to manipulation tech |
| does correlational method establish causation or correlation (not the same thing) | correlation only |
| experimental method can establish | causation |
| What is the essential process by which social psychologists conduct their research? Q2 | data collecting/ findings, and replication of studies to validate their findings |
| What is a person’s self-concept? | everything you know about yourself. our overall understanding of who we are. |
| What is upward vs downward comparison ? | comparing yourself or your situation to someone else's weather they are at a better (upward) or worst (downward) state than you are. |
| the potential negative outcomes of up-ward comparison are | low self esteem, feel bad about one's self, stuck or not good enough. |
| the potential negative outcomes of down-ward comparison are | may encourage complacency, or an unhealthy sense of superiority over others. might cause a stagnant remain of self |
| What is self-enhancement? | our tendency to see ourselves in a positive light |
| Why do we tend to do it? (self-enhencement) | it is a fundamental part of our nature. we dont want to think we are the villain or bc self-esteem is low. |
| What are the positive vs negative possible outcomes of “positive illusions”? | better mood, better ability to adjust to stressful events and an increased satisfaction in close relationships but it can lead to poor judgement if/when the illusions become excessive |
| define heuristics | intuitive mental operations that allow us to make decisions quickly and efficiently used to judge the frequency or probability of events |
| define attitudes | feelings (often based on our beliefs) that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
| define ambivalence | having simultaneous conflicting feelings or thoughts about someone or something |
| define schemas | a mental structure consisting of any organized body of stored information |
| define cognitive dissonance | the unpleasant state of psychological tension that occurs when there’s an inconsistency between two thoughts, perceptions, or behaviors |
| how do social psychologists measure participants’ attitudes? | using the ABC model |
| what is "positive illusion"? | people’s unrealistically optimistic self-evaluations, perceptions of their level of control over situations, and views of their future |
| beliefs lead to feelings which lead to reactions to prolonged behaviors - this is an example of what? | attitudes |
| whats the difference between a schema and a heuristic | A schema is a mental framework that organizes knowledge (patterns), while a heuristic is a mental shortcut used for quick decision-making (rule of thumb) |
| whats the difference between cognitive dissonance and ambivalence | cognitive dissonance is when actions and feeling dont align, and ambivalence is when theres positive and negative feelings on something or someone. |
| what is the abc model of attitudes | affect (feelings ) behaviors (actions) cognition (thinking) *the smoking triage example* |
| define social influence | When the presence of a person or group of people causes a change in attitude or behavior of another person, whether intentionally or unintentionally |
| define conformity | the tendency to think and act like the people around us. any change in behavior. |
| define obedience | Performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher status |
| What was Solomon Asch’s basic finding in his famous study of conformity? 5 the actors and 1 volunteer exp | people will often ignore their own gut or eyes and go along with a clearly incorrect majority opinion just to fit in |
| What are some factors that make someone LESS likely to conform? | More anonymity = less conformity People conform significantly less often when they believe the confederates will not hear their responses |
| What are some factors that make someone MORE likely to conform? | when a situation is ambiguous or difficult or when we think we lack knowledge or competence about the topic. larger influence or punishment if not. or high status |
| The media reported over-simplified, attention-grabbing headlines about Milgram’s findings. What is this an example of? | giving a water-down version that looks more apealing to the reader, sexifying a study lmao |
| define central route to persuasion | logic & evidence uses data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness. |
| define peripheral route to persuasion | superficial cues the source's attractiveness and the message's visual appeal, rather than its actual content |
| define the norm of reciprocity; free gift | feeling obligated to “give back” in return bc you got something. comply to payback a "favor", even when given something small, we may feel obligated by a later request. |
| define social proof | the mental shortcut based on the assumption that, if everyone is doing it, it must be right. or companies saying look cool ppl do this or long lines |
| define psychological reactance | People tend to find something more enticing when its availability is limited. psychological reactance = scarcity |
| What is the “inoculation” approach to persuasion defense? | being subjected to weak versions of a persuasive message which makes us less vulnerable to stronger persuasion later on. vaccines example |
| what is blind obedience? | compliance w/out question |
| openen ended question: Milgram experiments explain what it was the full extent of the findings how is blind obedience used in this context explain position w evidence and reasoning | listen to the podcast and write down the answers |
| open ended: clearly and accurately explain a specific example of social influence in your life: Identify if it was conformity, compliance, or obedience. Identify and explain any components of persuasion involved. be detailed | that one time my mom persuated me into not moving out and ended up agreeing to help her in a new home when she gets one. so staying longer :| write it down pls |
Created by:
Grocha