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ethics test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Astell's main argument about women? | Women are capable of being wise, virtuous, and intelligent, but society limits their opportunities |
| What prevents women from reaching their full potential? | A lack of education, opportunities, and encouragement from society and men |
| What does Astell say would happen if men were denied education like women? | Men would also become ignorant and incapable. |
| What does Astell believe women can achieve if properly educated? | They can develop their minds and reach a high level of intellectual and moral excellence. |
| Does Astell believe women are naturally foolish? | No. She argues that examples from history prove women can be intelligent and wise. |
| What is Astell's goal in writing her work? | To identify and remove the barriers preventing women from improving themselves. |
| What does Astell say about human understanding? | Human understanding is powerful but limited because humans cannot know everything |
| What should people focus their understanding on? MA | Truths that are useful, meaningful, and appropriate for human beings to know. |
| Why should humans remain humble about their intelligence? MA | Their intellectual abilities come from God, and human understanding has limits. |
| What is more valuable than material possessions? MA | The human soul, because material things do not provide true happiness. |
| What is the goal of human understanding? MA | Truth. |
| Why can't humans understand every truth? mA | Our minds are limited, and sometimes we lack the ideas needed to make comparisons. |
| Why should we break difficult questions into smaller parts? MA | Breaking them apart makes difficult problems easier to understand. |
| What should we do before making a judgment? MA | Carefully review the evidence and make sure our reasoning is correct. |
| Why should our reasoning stay focused on the main subject? MA | Each part of our reasoning should logically support the next and lead toward the truth. |
| Why should we be understanding toward people who disagree with us? MA | We may not know their circumstances or what information they had available. |
| What is the aim of human life for Epictetus? | Happiness through reason and virtue. |
| What is happiness for Epictetus? | Mental tranquility, calmness, and peace of mind. |
| What is the ordered universe? | A harmonious, rational system where everything has a place. |
| What can humans control in the universe? | Their judgments, choices, desires, and responses. |
| What is the natural order? | A divinely governed and rational order of events. |
| What does Stoicism say about good and evil? | Events are neither good nor evil; our judgments make them so. |
| What is ataraxia? | Freedom from disturbance. |
| What is apatheia? | Freedom from excessive passion or emotion. |
| What are “externals”? | Things outside our control, like wealth, health, and reputation. |
| What is the key to Stoic happiness? | Focus on what you can control and accept what you cannot. |
| What does “harmony with nature” mean? | Responding rationally and appropriately to the world. |
| What causes us to become upset according to Epictetus? | Our judgments about events, not the events themselves. |
| Should we avoid things like picnics and baths to avoid problems? | No. Enjoy them while accepting that problems can happen. |
| What should we do when circumstances change our plans? | Accept the situation and adjust our expectations. |
| What does the actor example teach us? | We cannot control our role, but we can control how we perform it. |
| What does Stoic freedom mean? | Not depending on things controlled by others. |
| What does self-reliance mean for a Stoic? | Looking to yourself for help and harm rather than externals. |
| What do Stoics control? | Their judgments, choices, reactions, and emotional responses. |
| What is Stoic virtue? | Using reason to govern judgments and choices. |
| What kind of person would a Stoic be? | Humble, kind, dutiful, loving, and not easily angered. |