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Biology Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do organisms obtain and use energy | Cells use ATP for energy-requiring processes. |
| Life processed require a constant supply of ___________. | Energy |
| Cells use energy for building ____________ and _____________, maintaining homeostasis, and cell-specific activities such as muscle cells contracting. That energy comes from stores chemical energy found in specific macromolecules. | molecules and structures |
| Adenosine triphosphate is the molecule that supplies energy for ___________________________. | cellular activities |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucelotide composed of three parts: 1., 2. 3. | 1. Nitrogenous base, 2. Sugar, 3. Three phosphate groups |
| The ATP molecule stores and releases the energy in its bonds in a response the cell's _________________________. | energy needs |
| When a phosphate group is broken off of the ATP molecule, making a molecule of __________ (Adenosine diphosphate) and a released phosphate group, it releases stored energy | ADP |
| Cells use ________________ for energy requiring processes. | ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) |
| ADP + phosphate + energy from teh breakdown of food molecules = | ATP |
| All life on Earth depends on the flow of energy. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complex, multi-step biochemical processes that rely on specialized enzymes and _____________. | cell structures |
| Plants, algae, and some bacteria convert _______________ energy to stored chemical energy. | light |
| Photosynthesis happens in the _____________ of the cell. | chloroplast |
| _____________________ is a green pigment in producers that capture sunlight. | Chlorophyll |
| All living things break down food to release ______________ in cellular respiration | food |
| There are 3 steps in cellular respiration: | 1. Glycolysis, 2. Krebs cycle, 3. Electron transport chain |
| The breakdown of 1 glucose molecule yields up to ___________ ATP molecules | 38 |
| Can cellular respiration take place in the absence of oxygen? | When no oxygen is present, cells can still obtain some ATP through anaerobic respiration. This process is called fermentation. |
| __________________ is an inefficient process because only ________ ATPs are produced. | 2 |
| There are two types of fermentation: | 1. lactic acid fermentation, 2. alcohol fermentation |
| How does energy flow through an ecosystem? | Matter cycles through the cells of living organisms through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. |
| Cells use ____________ and _______________ to form glucose (food) and oxygen gas, which are necessary for an organism to create cellular energy and build molecules. | water and carbon dioxide gas |
| The primary energy source is the ___________. | sun |
| What is photosynthesis? | The process by which producers use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. |
| What types of organisms do photosynthesis? | plants, some protists (algae), some bacteria |
| What are the parts of the chloroplast? Be able to label these parts. | thylakoids, stoma, and grana |
| What is chlorophyll, and why is it important? | a pigment (green) that absorbs light energy. It is responsible for capturing light energy and converting it to sugar and oxygen |
| How do gasses enter and exit the leaves of the plants? | through the stoma of the plant |
| What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? | light energy + 6CO2 + 6H20= C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| What are the products? | glucose and oxygen |
| What are the reactants? | carbon dioxide and water |
| What are the two main stages of photosynthesis, and where do they take place? | light-dependent reaction (thylakoid membrane) and light independent reaction (aka Calvin cycle) |
| What happens in light reaction? | light energy and water are converted into oxygen |
| What is produced in the light reactions that go to the Calvin cycle? | ATP and NADPH |
| What happens in the Calvin cycle? | Carbon dioxide is converted in glucose |
| Why is photosynthesis important? | It provides oxygen to ecosystems (which is essential to humans) |
| What is cellular respiration? | The main process that converts glucose into ATP. |
| Which organisms do cellular respiration? | plants, animals, and all other eukaryotes |
| What is ATP? | Adenosine triphosphate- the energy carrying molecule |
| What are the parts of a mitochondrion? Be able to label them. | matrix, inner membrane |
| What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? | C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
| What are the reactants of cellular respiration? | glucose and oxygen |
| What are the products of cellular respiration? | carbon dioxide and water (Note: Energy is not really considered to be a product.) |
| What are the three main stages of cellular respiration where do they take place? | glycolysis (cytoplasm), Krebs cycle (matrix), electron transport chain (inner membrane) |
| What happens during glycolysis? | Glucose is broken down into 2 pieces (pyruvate) that enter go to the Krebs cycle and a little ATP is made - electrons go to ETC. |
| What happens during the Krebs cycle? | The rest of glucose is broken down and electrons are extracted go to the ETC - a little ATP is made. |
| What happens during the electron transport chain? | Energy is transferred to a chain of proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. The proteins use the energy to pump hydrogen ions against the membrane. ATP is created and water is formed. |
| What are the molecules that carry electrons to the electron transport chain? | NADH |
| How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis? 2 Krebs cycle? | glycolysis 2, Krebs cycle 32-34 |
| What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? | aerobic- with oxygen, anaerobic- without oxygen |
| What types of organisms do anaerobic respiration? | animals, bacteria, yeast |
| What is a byproduct of lactic acid fermentation? | lactate (lactic acid) |
| What is a byproduct of alcoholic fermentation? | ethanol |
| Which is more efficient: cellular respiration or fermentation? Why? | Cellular respiration is more efficient because 36-38 ATP molecules are created (as opposed to only 2 with fermentation). |
| Why is a pyramid shape used to represent energy and biomass? | Because it represents the idea that as you move up the pyramid, the number of organisms and energy the organism obtains decreases. |
| How does energy flow through each level of an energy pyramid? | As an organism is consumed, 10% of the energy moves to the consumer |
| How do autotrophs acquire energy? Heterotrophs? | Autotrophs- By making their own energy Heterotrophs- by consuming other organisms |
| Suppose a producer contains 9234 J of energy. How much energy will be consumed by the primary consumer? Secondary consumer? Tertiary consumer? | Primary consumer? 923.4 J Secondary consumer? 92.34 J Tertiary consumer? 9.23 J (HINT- just moving the decimal place over one each time) |
| What are the 4 types of heterotrophs? What do they consume? | carnivores (meat), herbivores (plants), omnivores (plants and meat), detritivores (dead organic material) |
| If only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, where does the other 90% go? heat and metabolic processes | heat and metabolic processes |
Created by:
helen claire13!