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biology chap 10

biology

QuestionAnswer
Q: What is a multicellular organism? an organism composed of more than one cell
Q: What is the main benefit of multicellularity? division of labor among specialized cells
Q: What additional functions do proteins in multicellular organisms support? cell communication, arrangement, attachment of cells, and cell specialization
Q: What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)? a network of material secreted by cells that forms a meshwork outside animal cells
Q: What are the two major macromolecules in the ECM? proteins and polysaccharides
Q: What are the three major functions of the ECM? strength and structural support, tissue organization, and cell signaling
Q: Which ECM protein provides tensile strength? collagen
Q: Which ECM protein provides elasticity? elastin
Q: What are fibronectin and laminin? adhesive proteins that connect cells to EMC, and organize EMC components
Q: In which tissues is collagen especially abundant? done, cartilage, tendon, and skin
Q: Why are collagen fibers strong? they form fibrous networks
Q: How many collagen types are found in humans? at least 27
Q: What causes wrinkles as people age? the decrease in collagen synthesis
Q: What is the function of Type I collagen? tensile strength in tendons, ligaments, bones, and skin
Q: Where is Type II collagen commonly found? cartilage and interverterbral discs
Q: What is the function of Type III collagen? forms fibers for elasticity in tissue
Q: What is unique about Type IV collagen? it forms meshworks instead of fibers, support and filtration
Q: What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)? long unbranching polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide units
Q: Why do GAGs attract water? they are extremely neg charged
Q: What are proteoglycans? proteins linked to GAGs
Q: What function do GAGs and proteoglycans perform? they create the gel in the ECM
Q: Where is chondroitin sulfate commonly found? Cartilage
Q: Where is hyaluronic acid found? skin, eyes, joint fluid
Q: What is the role of chitin in invertebrates? creates exoskeletons
Q: What is the primary function of the plant cell wall? protection and support, maintenance of cell shape and growth direction
Q: What is the main component of plant cell walls? cellulose
Q: What is the primary cell wall? new cells on the leaves, stems, and roots making a flexible wall
Q: What is the secondary cell wall? older cells making a thicker wall, containing cellulose and lignin
Q: What is the main function of cell junctions? to connect cells to eachother and the ECM
Q: What proteins function as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)? cadherims and integrins
Q: What are adherens junctions? cell to cell junctions using cadherins linked to actin filaments
Q: What are desmosomes? cell to cell junctions using cadherins linked to intermediate filaments
Q: What are hemidesmosomes? cell to ECM junctions using integrins connected to intermediate fillaments
Q: What are focal adhesions? cell to ECM junctions using integrins linked to actin filiments
Q: What do cadherins do? create cell-to-cell adhesion
Q: What do integrins do? connect cells to the ECM
Q: Besides adhesion, what other role do CAMs perform? cell communication, signal transduction
Q: How are CAM abnormalities related to cancer? they contribute to metastasis
Q: What is the function of tight junctions? create a seal that prevents leaks between cells
Q: Which proteins form tight junctions? occludin and claudin
Q: Why are tight junctions important in the intestine? keeps cells from leaking and keeps cell polarity
Q: What is the function of gap junctions? allows for small cells and molecules to move between cells
Q: What protein forms gap junction channels? connexin
Q: What is a connexon? a channel made by 6 connexin
Q: What is the middle lamella? a pectin rich layer keeping plant cell walls stuck together
Q: Why does ripe fruit become softer? the pectin ases break down the pectin in the middle lamella
Q: What are plasmodesmata? channels connecting cells together, allowing molecules and ions to pass between
Q: What structure connects ER membranes through plasmodesmata? the desmotubule
Q: How do plasmodesmata differ from gap junctions? they transport bigger macromolecules and viruses through
Q: What is a tissue? many cells of a similar function lumped together
Q: What is an organ? 2 or more tissues working towards one function
Q: What six basic cell processes produce tissues and organs? cell division, growth, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and cell connections
Q: What are the four major types of animal tissue? epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle
Q: What is the function of epithelial tissue? covers and lines the body
Q: What is the function of connective tissue? supports mody and connect tissues
Q: What is the function of nervous tissue? electrical signals
Q: What is the function of muscle tissue? generates force for movement
Q: What are the three major types of plant tissue? dermal, ground, vascular
Q: What is dermal tissue? outer covering of plant tissue
Q: What is the epidermis? newly formed dermal tissue
Q: What is the function of the leaf cuticle? maintain moisture/ prevent waterloss
Q: What is the main function of ground tissue? photosynthesis, support, storage
Q: What are the three types of ground tissue? parenchyme, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
Q: Which ground tissue is most metabolically active? parenchyma
Q: Which plant tissues provide structural support? collenchyma and sclerenchyma
Q: What is vascular tissue? conducting tissue, transports water and nutrients
Q: What are the two components of vascular tissue? Xylem and Phloem
Q: Fibronectin and laminin are examples of what type of ECM proteins? adhesive proteins
Q: Which polysaccharides are the most abundant in vertebrate ECM? GAGs
Q: Which plant structure functions most similarly to gap junctions? Plasmodestata
Created by: user-2066026
 

 



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