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SS 1.3-1.5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does populate mean? | Become inhabitants of. Homo sapiens spread out to populate almost every land area of the world. |
| What is one of the most important signs of a complex culture? | The existence of artwork such as painting and statues. The show the homo sapiens who made them were capable of complex thoughts and actions. |
| Why is Lascaux important | French teens discovered cave paintings of prehistoric animals, human figures, and abstract designs dating 16,000 years ago, the time of the last Ice Age |
| Other than artwork, what is another sign of a more complex culture? | Development of religious beliefs and practices, many of which involve death and burial. |
| What is animism? | A belief that the natural world was filled with spirits. There could be spirits in the animals they hunted or in the tress, rocks, water and weather around them. |
| What does Neolithic Era mean? | The New Stone Age |
| What marked the end of the Paleolithic Era and the beginning of the Neolithic Era? | The development of starting to farm for food instead of relying on hunting and gathering. This is an example of adapting as the climate was changing as glaciers melted and some animals they hunted did not survive. |
| What does domesticate mean? | To change the growth of plants or the behavior of animals that are useful to humans. In addition to farming, Neolithic people learned to domesticate plants and animals. |
| What do historians call the shift from hunting to farming? | The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution. |
| What is a revolution? | A complete change in ways of thinking, working or living. |
| What does reliable mean? | dependable, steady, not risky |
| What became a reliable source of food in the Agricultural Revolution? | Domesticated plants, or crops, including wheat, rice and maize |
| What are nomads? | People who move from place to place with their herds |
| What is pastoral nomadism? | Moving from place to place with domesticated animals to find new grasslands to eat from. The people would use the animals for food and clothing |
| What does smelt mean? | using heat to extract, or remove, metals from a mineral |
| Why was learning to smelt important for early farmers? | They had moved from using tools made out of stone to tools made from bronze and iron. By smelting they could use the metals found in minerals to make even more efficient tools |
| Can you give the names of the early stages of early human history? Hint: think of the metals used for tools | Stone Age, then the Bronze Age, then the Iron Age |
| Where do historians think farming first began and why do they think so? | Southwestern Asia. Because scientists have found seeds from domesticated wheat plants that were buried there long ago. |
| True or false -- other centers of agriculture, other than Southwestern Asia -- appeared independently in different areas of the world? | True |
| What is millet and why is it important? | Millet is a grain. It is important because farther to the north, it was the first crop to be domesticated |
| What is a benefit? | A gain or favorable result. There are both costs as well of benefits to a hunting/gathering way of life and a farming way of life |
| What are some costs to moving to an agricultural way of life? | (1) takes time and energy to plant crops and herd animals; (2) farming is uncertain and could starve if crop failed; (3) dangerous as nomads might attack to steal food |
| What are some of the benefits to an agricultural way of life? | (1) produces more food and requires less land than hunting and gathering; (2) could build permanent homes and villages; (3) new sources of material for clothing |
| What is Catalhoyuk and why is it important? | It is one of the oldest known farming settlements in the world and it was located in Turkey. |
| What is a surplus? | More than is needed for one family to feed themselves. As crops and herds improved, farmer could produce more food each year. |
| Why is having a surplus imporant? | If you have surplus food you can support a growing population. |
| What is specialization? | Occurs when people spend most of their time working at a single job or craft |
| How is specialization related to surplus? | When there is a surplus of food, not everyone in the village needs to farm. They can specialize, including making tools and other goods, and then trade those goods for food. |
| What does accumulate mean? | to collect or attain a large amount of something Over time some families accumulated possessions like tools, pots, jewelry and other items |
| What is Uruk and why is it important? | The world's first city. Different than Catalhoyuk because it was much, much larger and had houses, gardens, and large public areas. It also had a strong, well-organized government. It also was surrounded by a thick wall for protection from raiders |
| What is an economy? | An economy is the system that a community uses to produce and distribute goods and services |
| What economy were the earliest human communities based on? | hunting and gathering |
| What was the economy of Catalhoyuk based on? | farming |
| What was the economy of Uruk based on? | farming and trade. And traders traveled widely bringing back goods from far away |
| What is a civilization? | A complex society that has cities, a well-organized government, and workers with specialized job skills. |
| What is a resource? | A supply of something that can be used as needed. |
| What resources did people need to build civilizations? | fertile soil, fresh water, and seeds |
| Where did nearly all civilizations begin? | In river valleys because the flooding provided fertile soil. |
| What are the eight basic features of civilizations? | (1) cities; (2) organized governments; (3) established religion; (4) job specialization; (5) social classes; (6) public works; (7) arts and architecture; and (8) a system of writing |
| What is an established religion? | A set of shared spiritual beliefs |
| What does specialization mean? | the act of concentrating on a limited number of goods or activities |
| What is job specialization and why is it important? | Job specialization is when people focus their skills and talents on doing one job, such as farming or a craft. It is important because it allows people to develop the many skills and talents needed to create and maintain a civilization. |
| What are social classes? | Groups of people that occupy different ranks or levels in society. The largest number of people are at the bottom level and the smallest are at the top, like a pyramid. |
| What does the word civis mean? | Resident of a city. It is a Latin word and what the word civilization comes from. |
| What does modify mean? | to change |
| How did people first modify their environment? | They modified their environment to provide more food. For example they may have cleared trees by burning them so that the grasses that grew back could ge used to feed their animals. |
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