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Spec and communt eco
Species interactions and community ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organisms seeking same rescource | Competition (-,-) |
| same spcies; competition becomes more intense when when populations are denser | intraspecific competition |
| competition between different species | interspecfic competition |
| if one species is stronger competitor, may exclude other species from the resource; a species can't survive in a certain habitat because another species is better at using that same resource | competitive exclusion |
| no single competitor excludes each other, species live side by side | species coexistence |
| full potential niche of a species | fundamental niche |
| individual only playing its part due to a competition or other interactions | realized niche |
| individuals use shared resources in different ways | resource partitioning |
| affects population dynamic, increase in prey favors predators, predators better at capturing will live longer and reproduce more; natural selection will favor adaptations that enhance hunting, Prey risk selective pressure, creates evolution defenses | Predation (+,-) |
| one species benefit because of another depending on it for an essential resource; lives on a host, either inside, on the exterior, or free living | Parasitism (+,-) |
| parasites that cause diseases | Pathogens |
| Animals feed on tissue of plant; most commonl are insects, may affect plant growth, plants have evolved defenses | Herbivory (+,-) |
| rekationship where multiple species benefit each other | Mutualism (+,+) |
| mutualistic relationship as a close physical associtation between species | symbiosis |
| mutalism relationship, such as pollination, which require these type of organisms to encounter each other once | free living organisms |
| assemble of poppuations of organisms living in the same geological area | Community |
| linear series of feeding relationships | food chain |
| an organisms level on the linear series of feeding relationships on the food chain | trophic level |
| collective mass of living matter in each place in each time | biomass |
| energy decreases at higher trophic levels; most energy is either used for maintenence or lost heat; each trophic level only have about 10% of the energy | pryamid energy transfer |
| variety of life across all levels of biological organization | biodiversity |
| level of biodiversity easiest to visualize | species diversity |
| describes how much the species differs in number of individuals or how balanced they are; high evenness = taxa have simililar abundances | species evenness or relative abundance |
| total number of species in a given area | species richness |
| total number of individuals of a given species within a given area | species abundance |
| accounts for species richness and evenness | diversity indices |
| species that has an impact greater than its abundance | keystone species |
| keystone species which replenish soil, recyle nutrients, inscents controll, plant growth | decomposers |
| keystone species who physcially alter the ecosystem (beavers building dams) | ecosystem engineers |
| keystone species that control populations of lower trophic level consumers | top predators |
| when a top predator is lost, primary consumers overconsume and alter entire ecosystem | trophic cascade |
| any event that has rapid and drastic effects on the community and ecosystem, can be small and localied, large, or regularly | disturbances |
| when a community resists change and remains stable | resistance |
| when a communitry is changed but returns to original state | resilience |
| species vulnerable to ecosystem pertubuations; when monitered can give warning | indicator species |
| severe disturbances eliminating all or most of species in a community, causing a series of change | ecological succession |
| begins ecological secession because they spread over long distances and adapt for quick growth (glasses and forges) | pioneer species |
| overtakes pioneer species in ecological secession by longer living species | climax community |
| occurs when no ecosystem existed before, such as base rock with no soil; lichens create acid to break down rock into soil formation | primary succession |
| occurs in an ecosystem thats been distributed but not rendered lifeless; farming, fires, storms, landslides | secondary succession |
| communities someitimes pass through succession evenly; entire character of community changes due to disturbances; may occur from climate change or loss of keystone species | regime shift |
| non native arrivals in community brought by people | introduced species |
| type of introduced species that thrive in its non native lands | invasive species |
| total elimination of a species, typically in the context of invasive species, is expensive and difficult | eradication |
| ways to restore altered areas to conditions prior to human activity, climate change poses new challanges for it | restoration ecology |
Created by:
jbearden582