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Stack #4728857
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is biology? | The study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments. |
| What is science? | Knowledge of general truths or laws tested using the scientific method. |
| What is the scientific method? | A series of well-defined steps involving experiments and careful observation. |
| What is a hypothesis? | A proposed explanation that can be tested. |
| What is inductive reasoning? | Using observations to arrive at a general conclusion. |
| What is deductive reasoning? | Using a general principle to predict specific results. |
| What happens if a hypothesis is not supported? | A new hypothesis can be proposed. |
| What is basic science? | Science that seeks knowledge regardless of short-term application. |
| What is applied science? | Science used to solve immediate problems. |
| What is peer review? | Scientists evaluate experiments, results, and interpretations before publication. |
| What are the main sections of a scientific paper? | Abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and literature cited. |
| What are the 8 properties of life? | Order, response, reproduction, adaptation, growth/development, homeostasis, evolution, energy processing. |
| What does order mean as a property of life? | Living organisms have highly organized structures. |
| What is response to stimuli? | The ability of an organism to respond to environmental changes. |
| What is reproduction? | The production of offspring and transmission of genetic information. |
| What is adaptation? | A characteristic that fits an organism to its environment. |
| What is growth and development? | Changes directed by genetic instructions as an organism grows and develops. |
| What is homeostasis? | Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions within a narrow range. |
| What is evolution? | Change in populations over time that can produce adaptation. |
| How do mutations relate to evolution? | Mutations can produce variation that contributes to adaptation. |
| What is natural selection? | The process in which adaptations can increase reproductive success. |
| What is energy processing? | Using an energy source for life's activities. |
| What is the highest level of biological organization? | Biosphere. |
| What is the level below the biosphere? | Ecosystems. |
| What is the level below ecosystems? | Communities. |
| What is the level below communities? | Populations. |
| What is the level below populations? | Organisms. |
| What is the level below organisms? | Organs and organ systems. |
| What is the level below organs and organ systems? | Tissues. |
| What is the level below tissues? | Cells. |
| What is the level below cells? | Organelles. |
| What is the level below organelles? | Macromolecules. |
| What is the level below macromolecules? | Molecules. |
| What is the level below molecules? | Atoms. |
| What are the three domains of life? | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. |
| Which two domains are prokaryotic? | Bacteria and Archaea. |
| Which domain is eukaryotic? | Eukarya. |
| What is taxonomy? | The branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms. |
| What is matter? | Anything that has mass and occupies space. |
| What is an element? | A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. |
| What is a compound? | A substance made of two or more different elements chemically combined. |
| What are the three subatomic particles? | Protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
| What is the charge of a proton? | Positive. |
| What is the charge of a neutron? | Neutral. |
| What is the charge of an electron? | Negative. |
| Where are protons located? | In the nucleus. |
| Where are neutrons located? | In the nucleus. |
| Where are electrons located? | In electron shells surrounding the nucleus. |
| What is atomic number? | The number of protons in an atom. |
| What is atomic mass? | The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. |
| What is an isotope? | An atom of an element with a different number of neutrons. |
| What are electron shells? | Regions around the nucleus where electrons are found. |
| What are valence electrons? | Electrons in an atom's outermost shell. |
| Why are valence electrons important? | They determine much of an element's chemical behavior. |
| What is a molecule? | Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. |
| What is a covalent bond? | A bond formed when atoms share electrons. |
| What is electronegativity? | An atom's attraction for electrons in a chemical bond. |
| What is a nonpolar covalent bond? | A covalent bond in which electrons are shared relatively equally. |
| What is a polar covalent bond? | A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally. |
| What is an ionic bond? | An attraction between oppositely charged ions. |
| What is a cation? | A positively charged ion. |
| What is an anion? | A negatively charged ion. |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | A weak attraction involving a partially positive hydrogen and a partially negative atom. |
| What are van der Waals interactions? | Weak attractions caused by temporary differences in electron distribution. |
| Which bond is strongest? | Covalent bonds are generally stronger than ionic, hydrogen, and van der Waals interactions. |
| What are reactants? | The starting substances in a chemical reaction. |
| What are products? | The substances produced by a chemical reaction. |
| What is an irreversible reaction? | A reaction that does not readily proceed in the reverse direction. |
| What is a reversible reaction? | A reaction that can proceed in both directions. |
| Which type of reaction is more common in living organisms? | Reversible reactions. |
| Why is water polar? | Its electrons are shared unequally, giving oxygen a partial negative charge and hydrogen a partial positive charge. |
| What type of bond holds water molecules together? | Hydrogen bonds. |
| What is cohesion? | Attraction between molecules of the same substance. |
| What is adhesion? | Attraction between molecules of different substances. |
| What is specific heat? | The amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature. |
| Why does water have a high specific heat? | Hydrogen bonds allow water to resist temperature changes. |
| How does water's high specific heat benefit organisms? | It helps moderate temperature changes. |
| What is evaporation? | The change of a liquid into a gas. |
| How does evaporation affect organisms? | It can remove heat and cool an organism's surface. |
| What is a solvent? | The substance that dissolves a solute. |
| What is a solute? | The substance dissolved in a solvent. |
| What is a solution? | A homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent. |
| What is an aqueous solution? | A solution in which water is the solvent. |
| Why is water a good solvent? | Its polarity allows it to interact with many charged and polar substances. |
| What happens when water dissociates? | Water molecules can form H+ and OH− ions. |
| What is the H+ concentration of pure water at 25°C? | 1 × 10−7 M. |
| What is the OH− concentration of pure water at 25°C? | 1 × 10−7 M. |
| Why is pure water pH 7? | H+ and OH− concentrations are equal. |
| What is an acid? | A substance that increases H+ concentration. |
| What is a base? | A substance that decreases H+ concentration or increases OH− concentration. |
| What is a buffer? | A substance that moderates changes in pH. |
| What are the four classes of biological macromolecules? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| What is an organic molecule? | A molecule containing carbon. |
| What is a monomer? | A smaller molecular unit that can be joined to form a polymer. |
| What is a polymer? | A large molecule made from smaller repeating units called monomers. |
| What is dehydration synthesis? | Joining monomers by forming covalent bonds while releasing water. |
| What is hydrolysis? | Breaking polymers into smaller units by adding water. |
| What do enzymes do? | They catalyze and speed up chemical reactions. |
| What are the three types of carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. |
| What is a monosaccharide? | A single sugar unit. |
| What are three common monosaccharides? | Glucose, galactose, and fructose. |
| What is the formula of glucose? | C6H12O6. |
| What are glucose, galactose, and fructose? | Structural isomers with the formula C6H12O6. |
| What is an aldose? | A sugar with its carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain. |
| What is a ketose? | A sugar with its carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain. |
| What is a triose? | A three-carbon sugar. |
| What is a pentose? | A five-carbon sugar. |
| What is a hexose? | A six-carbon sugar. |
| What happens to monosaccharides in aqueous solution? | They generally assume a ring structure. |
| What is a disaccharide? | Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond. |
| How are disaccharides formed? | By dehydration synthesis. |
| What are three common disaccharides? | Maltose, lactose, and sucrose. |
| What is a glycosidic bond? | A covalent bond linking sugar units. |
| What is a polysaccharide? | A long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. |
| What is starch? | A plant glucose-storage polysaccharide. |
| What are the two components of starch? | Amylose and amylopectin. |
| What is cellulose? | A structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. |
| What is glycogen? | A glucose-storage polysaccharide in humans and other vertebrates. |
| Where is glycogen stored? | Mainly in the liver and muscles. |
| What are lipids? | Diverse nonpolar, hydrophobic organic molecules. |
| What are four functions of lipids? | Long-term energy storage, insulation, hormone building blocks, and cell membranes. |
| What are three major types of lipids? | Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. |
| What is a triglyceride? | A lipid made of glycerol and three fatty acids. |
| What is the main function of triglycerides? | Long-term energy storage. |
| What is a saturated fatty acid? | A fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds. |
| What is an unsaturated fatty acid? | A fatty acid with at least one carbon-carbon double bond. |
| What is a monounsaturated fatty acid? | An unsaturated fatty acid with one carbon-carbon double bond. |
| What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid? | An unsaturated fatty acid with more than one carbon-carbon double bond. |
| What are essential fatty acids? | Fatty acids the body needs but cannot synthesize and must obtain from food. |
| What are omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids? | Types of essential fatty acids. |
| What is a phospholipid made of? | Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a modified phosphate group. |
| What is the phospholipid head? | A hydrophilic region containing the phosphate group. |
| What are phospholipid tails? | Hydrophobic fatty acid chains. |
| How are phospholipids arranged in a membrane? | Hydrophilic heads face water; hydrophobic tails face inward. |
| What are phospholipids a major component of? | Cell membranes. |
| What is the structure of a steroid? | Four linked carbon rings. |
| What are steroids used to build? | Hormones and other important molecules. |
| What are proteins? | Macromolecules with structural, regulatory, protective, transport, and enzymatic functions. |
| What are proteins made of? | Amino acids. |
| What are the four parts of an amino acid? | Alpha carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, and R group. |
| How many common amino acids are there? | 20. |
| What makes amino acids different from one another? | Their R groups. |
| What is a peptide bond? | A covalent bond linking amino acids. |
| What is a polypeptide? | A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. |
| What is primary protein structure? | The unique sequence of amino acids. |
| What is secondary protein structure? | Alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets. |
| What holds secondary structure together? | Hydrogen bonds between parts of the peptide backbone. |
| What is tertiary protein structure? | The unique three-dimensional shape of one polypeptide. |
| What determines tertiary structure? | Interactions between amino acid R groups. |
| What interactions occur in tertiary protein structure? | Hydrophobic, ionic, hydrogen-bond, and disulfide interactions. |
| What is a disulfide bridge? | A bond formed between cysteine side chains. |
| What is quaternary protein structure? | Interactions between multiple polypeptide chains. |
| Why is protein shape important? | A protein's structure determines its function. |
| What is denaturation? | A change in protein structure that can alter or destroy its function. |
| What can cause protein denaturation? | Changes in pH, temperature, or salt concentration. |
| What is an enzyme? | A protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction. |
| What is a substrate? | The molecule an enzyme acts on. |
| What are catabolic reactions? | Reactions that break down molecules. |
| What are anabolic reactions? | Reactions that build more complex molecules. |
| What are nucleic acids? | DNA and RNA. |
| What are nucleotides? | The monomers that make up nucleic acids. |
| What are the three parts of a nucleotide? | Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. |
| What are the four DNA bases? | Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. |
| What are the four RNA bases? | Adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. |
| Which sugar is found in DNA? | Deoxyribose. |
| Which sugar is found in RNA? | Ribose. |
| What is DNA's main function? | Storing genetic information. |
| What is RNA's main function? | Primarily carrying out protein synthesis. |
| What are the three major types of RNA in your lecture? | mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. |
| What is a genome? | The complete genetic information of an organism. |
| What is chromatin? | DNA associated with histone proteins. |
| What is a chromosome? | A highly packaged structure of chromatin containing DNA. |
| What is a gene? | A segment of DNA containing instructions for a functional product. |
| What is DNA's shape? | A double helix. |
| Where are the sugar and phosphate groups in DNA? | On the outside, forming the backbone. |
| Where are DNA bases located? | On the inside of the double helix. |
| What does antiparallel mean? | The two DNA strands run in opposite directions. |
| What are DNA base-pairing rules? | A pairs with T, and G pairs with C. |
| What holds complementary DNA bases together? | Hydrogen bonds. |
| What is transcription? | The process of making RNA from a DNA template. |
| What base does RNA use instead of thymine? | Uracil. |
| What is the example DNA-to-mRNA sequence from the lecture? | DNA AATTGCGC produces mRNA UUAACGCG. |
| What is the basic flow of genetic information? | DNA → RNA → protein. |
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