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MENA Exam #1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What regions make up the slide deck's MENA grouping? | Maghreb/North Africa; Mashriq/Levant; Gulf/Arabian Peninsula; plus Turkey, Iran, Israel. |
| What is Middle East exceptionalism? | Claim that something deep and fixed in MENA culture/religion makes the region fundamentally different. |
| What are Halliday's three forms of particularism? | Cultural/religious, historical, and analytic particularism. |
| What is cultural/religious particularism? | Treating Islam as the master variable explaining politics and society across MENA. |
| What is historical particularism? | Claim that MENA societies and politics have a uniquely different historical formation. |
| What is analytic particularism? | Claim that normal comparative concepts cannot explain MENA and region-specific frameworks are needed. |
| What is Orientalism according to Edward Said? | A Western portrayal of the Orient as exotic, irrational, despotic, and backward versus a rational West. |
| What political work did Orientalism do? | It made Western colonial domination appear natural and justified. |
| What are Halliday's five supposed MENA "anomalies"? | Islam; Palestine; Arab unity; oil; terrorism. |
| What three things do the slides call genuinely distinctive about MENA? | Globally important oil reserves; Israel–Palestine; sustained great-power involvement. |
| What produced most modern MENA states? | Ottoman collapse; European mandates; colonial boundary-making. |
| What four features define a state in the state-formation slides? | Territory; permanent population; functioning government; monopoly on legitimate force. |
| What was the Ottoman millet system? | Religious communities governed many internal affairs through their own authorities, schools, and courts. |
| What was the Tanzimat? | 1830s–1870s Ottoman reforms aimed at modernization, stronger institutions, and more equal citizenship. |
| What three identity projects tried to hold the late Ottoman Empire together? | Ottomanism; Islamism; Turkism. |
| What did the Hussein–McMahon correspondence promise? | British recognition of broad Arab independence in return for Hussein launching revolt against the Ottomans. |
| What were key milestones of the Arab Revolt? | Began at Mecca in 1916; captured Aqaba in 1917; entered Damascus in 1918. |
| What was the Sykes–Picot Agreement? | Secret British-French plan to divide Arab Ottoman provinces into spheres of influence. |
| What did the 1917 Balfour Declaration support? | A national home for the Jewish people in Palestine while protecting non-Jewish civil and religious rights. |
| Why were Britain's wartime promises seen as contradictory? | Arab independence; Anglo-French partition; and a Jewish national home overlapped in the same territories. |
| What was the League of Nations mandate system? | Post-WWI framework for temporary assistance toward independence that functioned much like colonial rule. |
| How did San Remo allocate the main MENA mandates? | France received Syria and Lebanon; Britain received Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan. |
| What emerged from the Turkish War of Independence? | The Republic of Turkey, proclaimed in 1923 under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. |
| What is state capacity? | The state's ability to control territory and force, enforce laws, collect taxes, and provide services. |
| What is infrastructural power? | Practical state ability to tax, enforce laws, communicate, standardize, educate, and deliver services. |
| Which cases illustrate major failures of monopoly on force? | Libya; Sudan; Yemen; Syria during their civil wars. |
| What is a rentier state? | A state funded heavily by external rents such as oil, reducing dependence on taxing citizens. |
| What is Migdal's "strong societies, weak states" idea? | Local social groups retain power, leaving the state strong in some places and absent in others. |
| Why have many MENA states struggled to consolidate? | Rapid recent state-building; colonial borders; persistent subnational identities. |
| What is a regime? | The formal and informal rules for selecting leaders and policies and distributing institutional power. |
| What are the two main forms of party-based authoritarian rule? | Single-party rule and dominant-party rule. |
| What defines a military regime? | The armed forces as an institution control access to the highest positions of power. |
| What distinguishes MENA monarchies in the slides? | Hereditary rule; major sovereign powers; top posts often reserved for the ruling family. |
| What makes Iran's Islamic Republic a dual system? | Elected president and parliament coexist with stronger unelected bodies led by the Supreme Leader. |
| Which MENA cases are presented as democracies or quasi-democracies? | Israel; Turkey; Lebanon; formerly post-2011 Tunisia, each with important qualifications. |
| What is the "Missing Third Wave" puzzle? | MENA largely failed to join the democratization wave that transformed many regions after the late 1980s. |
| What conventional prerequisites were said to be missing in MENA? | Civil society/media; independent economy; development; democratic neighbors; compatible culture/religion. |
| Why does Bellin reject the missing-prerequisites explanation? | Other regions lacking those prerequisites democratized, and Muslim-majority countries show regime variation. |
| What is Bellin's main explanation for MENA authoritarian durability? | An unusually robust, capable, and willing coercive apparatus that remains committed to rulers. |
| What affects whether coercive forces defend a regime? | Fiscal health; international support; patrimonialism; institutionalization; scale of popular mobilization. |
| How can oil wealth hinder democracy? | Through patronage, stronger repression, and blocked economic modernization. |
| What are the two functions of repression emphasized in the slides? | Punishment removes threats; deterrence makes others self-censor through fear of punishment. |
| How do repression and co-optation differ? | Repression punishes threats; co-optation binds potential rivals through power, resources, or institutional roles. |
| What are the three types of autocracy in the elections slides? | Closed autocracy; electoral autocracy; competitive autocracy. |
| What defines a closed autocracy? | No meaningful electoral contest; either no elections or essentially sham contests. |
| Which cases are used as closed-autocracy examples? | Saudi Arabia; UAE; Assad's Syria; Saddam's Iraq; Gaddafi's Libya. |
| What defines an electoral autocracy? | Real ballots and some competition exist, but ruling-party turnover is effectively impossible. |
| Which cases are used as electoral-autocracy examples? | Egypt; Jordan; Morocco; also Mubarak/Sisi Egypt, Ben Ali Tunisia, and Bouteflika Algeria. |
| Why is Erdoğan's Turkey called competitive authoritarian? | Opposition can genuinely win, but media, law, resources, and institutions heavily favor the government. |
| How does Iran control electoral competition? | The Guardian Council vets candidates for loyalty before voters choose among them. |
| What is gerrymandering? Give the MENA examples from the slides. | Drawing districts to favor rulers or groups; examples include Jordan, Turkey, and Bahrain. |
| Why do autocrats hold elections and maintain parties? | Legitimacy; displays of control; elite rents; managed competition; information on elite performance. |
| What is Lisa Wedeen's explanation for absurdly lopsided regime elections? | Forced public performances display power, create complicity, and isolate citizens rather than persuade them. |
| What do Blaydes and Lust say elections can distribute? | Access to rents and patronage; Egypt through parliamentary seats and Jordan through wasta and state access. |
| Why is the military an especially dangerous insider threat? | It already controls organized armed force and is positioned close to the political center. |
| Why were coups common after MENA independence? | Colonial rule left strong organized armies but weak civilian parties, parliaments, and bureaucracies. |
| Why did coups decline after about 1980? | Rulers learned coup-proofing techniques after decades of repeated military takeovers. |
| What is coup-proofing? | Strategies designed to prevent the armed forces or a small faction from seizing power. |
| What four coup-proofing methods do the slides list? | Special loyalties; parallel militaries; counterbalancing; funding and patronage. |
| What is ethnic stacking in coup-proofing? | Staffing key military positions with trusted family, clan, sectarian, ethnic, or regional networks. |
| What is a parallel military? Give slide examples. | A separate force reporting around the regular army; Saudi National Guard and Syria's Republican Guard. |
| What is counterbalancing? | Dividing coercive power among rival armed organizations so no single force can easily stage a coup. |
| How does patronage help coup-proof a regime? | Pay, promotions, and privileges make officers materially dependent on and loyal to the ruler. |
| What is the loyalty–competence tradeoff? | Loyal officers reduce coup risk but may weaken military professionalism and battlefield effectiveness. |
| How does Sudan illustrate a cost of coup-proofing? | The RSF grew powerful enough to fight the regular SAF in the civil war beginning in 2023. |
| What two dimensions classify welfare systems in the slides? | Generosity means how much is spent; breadth means who receives access. |
| What are the five welfare types? | Broad and generous; broad but underfunded; minimal; segmented; generous through oil. |
| Which states are broad and generous welfare cases? | Tunisia; Algeria; Islamic Republic of Iran. |
| Which states are broad but underfunded welfare cases? | Egypt and Syria. |
| What makes Jordan's welfare model segmented? | Benefits favor regime insiders such as East Bankers while many Palestinians receive less coverage. |
| Which states exemplify generous-through-oil welfare? | Qatar; UAE; Kuwait; Oman. |
| What explains welfare variation according to the slides? | Coalition size shapes willingness; resources and external threats shape ability to provide welfare. |
| How do broad versus narrow coalitions affect welfare incentives? | Broad coalitions encourage broad provision; narrow coalitions reduce incentives for universal benefits. |
| How do the slides frame Israel–Palestine politically? | Not an ancient religious war, but primarily two modern nationalisms competing over the same territory. |
| What is the difference between a nation and a state? | Nation means a shared identity/community; state means a legal-political entity with territory, government, and recognition. |
| What is the core Zionist narrative? | A persecuted people returning to an ancestral homeland for safety and national self-determination. |
| What is the core Palestinian narrative? | An indigenous population experiencing Zionism as a settler-colonial project that took its land. |
| Who was Theodor Herzl and what did he publish in 1896? | An early political Zionist leader who published Der Judenstaat, "The Jewish State." |
| What was distinctive about the Balfour Declaration's wording? | It backed a Jewish national home, not explicitly a state, while mentioning non-Jewish civil and religious rights. |
| What did Britain create east of Palestine in 1921? | Transjordan, later Jordan, separated from the smaller Mandate for Palestine to its west. |
| What do Aliyah, Yishuv, and kibbutz refer to? | Jewish immigration; the pre-state Jewish community; collective agricultural settlements. |
| What was the effect of the 1936–1939 Arab Revolt? | It mobilized Palestinian nationalism but left Palestinian leadership weakened, killed, jailed, or exiled. |
| What is the Zionist trilemma? | A Jewish state, a democratic state, and all Mandate territory; the slides argue only two can coexist. |
| What did the 1947 UN Partition Plan propose? | Separate Jewish and Arab states plus an internationally administered Jerusalem. |
| What were the major territorial results of the 1948 war? | Israel expanded beyond partition lines; Jordan held West Bank and East Jerusalem; Egypt held Gaza. |
| What does the Nakba refer to? | The Palestinian "catastrophe" of 1948, when about 700,000 Palestinians became refugees. |
| What are the three major streams of Zionism in the slides? | Labor Zionism; Revisionist Zionism; Religious Zionism. |
| Why has Israeli politics shifted rightward according to the slides? | Demographics; electoral coordination; failed peace talks; Second Intifada; Hamas violence. |
| How has Palestinian political leadership shifted over time? | From pan-Arabism to secular Palestinian nationalism under Fatah to nationalist Islamism under Hamas. |
| What happened in the 2007 Hamas–Fatah split? | Hamas violently expelled Fatah officials from Gaza after conflict following its 2006 election victory. |
| What happened in the 1967 Six-Day War? | Israel struck first and captured major territories after destroying Egyptian and Syrian air forces on the ground. |
| What were the "Three No's" after the 1967 war? | No peace; no recognition; no negotiation with Israel. |
| What did the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace exchange? | Israel returned Sinai; Egypt recognized Israel and made peace after U.S.-mediated negotiations. |
| What principle did UN Resolution 242 establish? | Land for peace; withdrawal from territories conquered in 1967 in exchange for recognition and peace. |
| Why do Israeli settlements exist according to the slides? | Religious claims; cheaper subsidized housing; efforts to prevent a contiguous Palestinian state. |
| How did the First and Second Intifadas differ? | First was mainly grassroots protest; Second was much more violent, including suicide bombings and major Israeli incursions. |
| What did the 1993 Oslo Accords accomplish? | Mutual PLO-Israel recognition and creation of the Palestinian Authority as an interim government. |
| How are West Bank Areas A, B, and C divided? | Area A has PA civil and security control; B has PA civil and Israeli military control; C has Israeli civil and security control. |
| What five permanent-status issues remain unresolved? | Borders; Jerusalem; refugees; settlements; security. |
| What is the basic two-state solution? | Israel alongside a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza, with borders and Jerusalem negotiated. |
| What is the basic one-state solution? | One political territory instead of separate Israeli and Palestinian sovereign states. |
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