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Nursing 1111 Wk7
Topical Therapies/shampoos, fleas & ticks
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. What are some precautions when using topical therapies? | Always read the label Ensure safe for species, age, weight Use as directed consistently and correctly Protect eyes and ears Monitor water temp Wear proper PPE, location of eye wash station |
| 2. List a very inexpensive and one of the most effective topical agents and how/when/why it is effective | Tap water Can deyhdrate as for hot spots, ie moist dermatitis Hydrate when covered with film of oil to seal moisture |
| 3. List 2 types of “Soaks” solutions used in veterinary medicine and how these might be used. | Aluminum Acetate aka Burow's solution Magnesium Sulfate aka Epsom Salts Used on localized, acute eruptions |
| 4. What are the characteristics of astringents? List 2 astringents used in veterinary medicine and what problem that might benefit from their use. | Precipitate proteins on the surface of an area of acute damage and form a beneficial covering Used on acute moist dermatitis/hot spot Should only be applied once Aluminum Acetate Tannic Acid |
| 5. Why are baths useful? List some inexpensive products used to bathe a patient. | Important part of topical derm therapy Removes dirt, debris, & scale Mild dishwashing soap pH balanced soap as Johnson's Baby Shampoo Vegetable oil soap (coconut oil) Must be thoroughly rinsed |
| /6. How are medicated baths delivered? | Applied as a shampoo with a contact time of 10-15 mins before rinsing. Applied as a rinse to pt after routine cleansing bath to enhance the actions of routine shampoos |
| Colloidal Oatmeal Shampoo | Used for soothing and antipruritic properties |
| Tar-Sulfur Shampoo | Used to manage oily, flakey seborrheic conditions |
| Sulfur-salicylic acid Shampoo | Used to manage dry, flakey seborrheic conditions |
| Benzoyl Peroxide Shampoo | Used to treat superficial pyoderma (bacterial skin infection), excessive crusting and debris problesm, and oily seborrheic conditions |
| Pyoderma | Literally "pus in the skin" Bacterial skin infection Pustules, crusting, scaling, localized hair loss, and itching. Deep forms can cause pain and bloody secretions |
| Dermatitis | general term for Dermatitis Overview that describes common types of skin inflammation causing red, itchy, and irritated skin |
| 9. What is a concern when using some dips and rinses? | Can cause systemic toxicities |
| /10. What are powders used for? | Occasionally used as drying agents and vehicles for parasiticides and to reduce friction and irritation |
| 11. How would you apply a cream or ointment? | Clip/hairless area Protected from removal by licking Small areas treated due to practicality and cost Should not be used for moist/oozing lesions bc keeps moist Clean/sterilize area first Wear gloves |
| /12. What are otic preparations used for? | Used when infection is present in the ears Contain combinations of antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, fungicidal (yeast) and parasiticidal (ear mites) agents pH balancing |
| 13. List 2 medications found in otic preparations that can cause ototoxicity if a patient has a ruptured eardrum. | Neomycin and Gentamicin can cause ototoxicity when used for prolonged periods in dogs w/ ruptured eardrums. |
| //14. What are the benefits of corticosteroids in topical preparations? | Decrease inflammation and the buildup of discharge (and itchiness?) and thereby decrease self trauma |
| /What common organisms do antifungals treat in the ears? | Yeast organism Malassezia pachydermatis Dermatophytes (ringworm) |
| /What are 2 medications that are effective topical antifungal agents? | Miconazole Thiabendazole |
| Medications that treat ear mites | Rotenone in oil Thiabendazole Otic instillation of ivermectin - multiple applications |
| /15. Why is proper grooming and bathing important in our small animal patients? | Pts have an enhanced sense of well-being Potentially recover from illness faster ↓ contact dermatitis urine scald/fecal soiling of skin Med baths prevention/tx of derm probs Insecticide shampoos parasites Indicator of overall quality of healthcare |
| What are the steps of the bathing process | Wet coat Sm amts of shampoo start @ head →tail Rub shampoo to create lather from head → tail Mineral oil to protect eyes Prevent water from ear canals w/ cotton Prevent thermal burns from hot water Thoroughly rinse to prevent irritation |
| What areas of the skin are particularly vulnerable to irritation of the skin from residual shampoo? | Axillary and scrotal regions |
| 17. What protective equipment should you use when bathing and dipping a patient? | Protective glasses/goggles Gloves Apron |
| 18. Why is it important to wear gloves when applying dips, medicated topicals, and medicated shampoos? | To prevent product from getting on and being absorbed by your skin |
| /Dermatitis | Inflammation of the skin. Some causes: animal, vegetable, chemical substances heat or cold mechanical irritation certain forms of malnutrition infectious disease |
| /Seborrhea | -An abnormal secretion from the sebaceous glands often assoc. w/ abnormalities of keratinization. -overactivity of sebaceous glands resulting in excess sebum |
| //Hot Spot | Acute moist dermatitis Superficial bacterial skin infx, usu. caused by self trauma common causes dogs: ectoparasites, otitis, anal sacculitis and pruritic skin dzs moist, weeping, matted hair and dried exudate Staphylococcus spp usu present |
| Superficial pyoderma | aka surface pyoderma aka acute moist dermatitis Any purulent (pus-forming) skin disease Includes pustule, pimple, acne, impetigo and furunculosis. |
| Another name for hot spot | acute moist dermatitis pyotraumatic dermatitis |
| a. Pruritis / Pruritic b. Antipruritic | a. Itching Common in many types of skin disorders esp. allergic inflammation and parasitic infestations. Presence in animals inferred by presence of scratching Epidermal in origin, Most intense at mucocutaneous junctions b. Anti-itch, anti-itch agent |
| Otic | Pertaining to the ear Aural |
| Ototoxic/Ototoxicity | Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth cranial (vestibulocochlear) nerve or on the organs of hearing and balance the property of being ototoxic |
| Pyrethrin | Insecticidal ingredient in shampoos for fleas, ticks, some mange |
| Benzoyl Peroxide for Antibacterial Action (in shampoo) | For tx of bacterial infections as pyoderma, folliculitis, impetigo Removes scale and crusts Can dry out skin Excellent degreaser, flushes out hair follicles Antibacterial |
| Chlohexidine for Antibacterial Action (in shampoo) | For tx of bacterial infections as pyoderma, folliculitis, impetigo Higher concentrations may be irritating or dry out the skin of some animals |
| Triclosan for Antibacterial Action (in shampoo) | For tx of bacterial infections as pyoderma, folliculitis, impetigo Low potency |
| Sulfur for Antibacterial Action (in shampoo) | For tx of bacterial infections as pyoderma, folliculitis, impetigo Helps prevent Staph infection Removes scales & crust, reduces scale production Antibacterial & antifungal Reduces itching Wks best when used w/ equal concentrations of salicylic acid |
| Pyrethroids (in shampoo) | Insecticidal ingredient in shampoo for fleas, ticks, some mange DO NOT USE ON CATS |
| Carbaryl (in shampoo) | Trade name Sevin Insecticidal ingredient in shampoo for fleas, ticks, some mange Good if sensitive to pyrethrin |
| Sulfur for Seborrhea Oleosa (in shampoo) | For Seborrhea Oleosa Antiseborrheic Ingredient Removes scale and crust Reduces scale production Antibacterial and antifungal Reduces itching Works best when used w/ equal concentration of salicylic acid |
| Salicylic Acid for Seborrhea Oleosa (in shampoo) | For Seborrhea Oleosa Antiseborrheic ingredient Removes scale and crust, reduces scale production Reduces itching Antibacterial (only) Works best when equal concentration of sulfur |
| Refined Tar for Seborrhea Oleosa (in shampoo) | For Seborrhea Oleosa Antiseborrheic ingredient Most potent ingredient to reduce scale production Reduces itching Degreases Can be irritating DO NOT USE ON CATS |
| Selenium Sulfide for Seborrhea Oleosa (in shampoo) | For Seborrhea Oleosa Antiseborrheic ingredient Removes scale & crust, ↓ scale production Antibacterial & antifungal Degreases Irritating to scrotum & MM Limit to yeast inf. and severe oiliness At least 10 mins for antifungal DO NOT USE ON CATS |
| Benzoyl Peroxide for Seborrhea Oleosa (in shampoo) | For Seborrhea Oleosa Antiseborrheic ingredient Removes scale and crusts Can dry out the skin Excellent degreaser Flushes out hair follicles Antibacterial |
| Sulfur for Seborrhea Sicca (in shampoo) | Removes scale & crust, reduces scale production Antibacterial & antifungal Reduces itching Works best when used in equal concentrations of salicylic acid |
| Salicylic Acid for Seborrhea Sicca (in shampoo) | Removes scale and crust, reduces scale production Reduces itching Antibacterial only Works best when used in equal concentrations of sulfur |
| Colloidal Oatmeal for Pruritis | For relief of itching due to conditions like atopy/allergies Reduces inflammation |
| Hydrocortisone for Pruritis | For relief of itching due to conditions like atopy/allergies Produces minimal side effects compared to oral steroids |
| Pramoxine hydrochloride for Pruritis (in shampoo) | For relief of itching due to conditions like atopy/allergies Topical anesthetic |
| Diphenhydramine for Pruritis (in shampoo) | For relief of itching due to conditions like atopy/allergies Antihistamine which decreases inflammation |
| /Menthol for Pruritis (in shampoo) | For relief of itching due to conditions like atopy/allergies Has cooling and anesthetic effect |
| Sulfur for Pruritis (in shampoo) | Removes scale and crust, reduces scale production Antibacterial and anitfungal Reduces itching Works best when used with an equal concentration of salicylic acid |
| Salicylic Acid for Pruritis (in shampoo) | Removes scale and crust, reduces scale production Reduces itching Antibacterial Works best when used with an equal concentration of sulfur |
| Cool water rinses for Pruritis (in regards to bathing & shampooing) | Provide fast, temporary relief for itchy dogs by activating skin thermoreceptors that block itch signals at the spinal cord level |
| /1. Why is topical therapy important in veterinary dermatology? (Principles of Topical Therapy) | Cosmetic appearance Odor Adjunct to systemic therapy Preferred method of some disease, ie. flea infestation |
| 2. Know the basic guidelines to consider when using / recommending topical therapy. | 1. Remove haircoat 2. Consider client compliance 3. Ingestion/toxicity 4. Tepid water 5. wet to dry, dry to wet 6. Monitor for allergic/contact dermatitis from topical agent 7. Give owner thorough instructions |
| 3. What are the 3 major classes of shampoos? | Cleansing Antiparasitic Medicated |
| Cleansing Shampoo | Removes dirt and excess oils from the coat. Includes otc dog grooming shampoos, flea shampoos, and many mild products for people |
| Antiparasitic Shampoo | "Flea shampoos" Often the amount of insecticide in these products is not adequate to kill all fleas in a severe infestation but make excellent routine cleansing products |
| Medicated Shampoo | Includes antimicrobial and antiseborrheic products Most contain either chlorhexidine or benzoyl peroxide Miconazole or Ketoconazole adjuvant therapy for Malassezia not dermatophytes |
| 4. When a medicated shampoo or topical agent is prescribed for a patient, how would you go about treating this patient? | Pre wash with cleansing shampoo to remove dirt and debris Pre dilute shampoo to facilitate rinsing Apply evenly to hair coat Contact time of 10 mins and thoroughly rinse Use frequently usu. 2-3 times weekly |
| 5. What are 3 shampoo products listed in the article that should NOT be used in cats? | Pyrethroids like Permithrin Refined Tar Selenium sulfide |
| /6. What are the characteristics of a Benzoyl Peroxide shampoo / topical? | Removes scales and crusts Can dry out the skin Excellent degreaser Flushes out hair follicles Antibacterial |
| 7. List 2 conditions that might benefit from the use of a Benzoyl Peroxide product. | Bacterial infections like: Pyoderma Folliculitis Impetigo |
| /Antibacterial | 1. Destroying or suppressing the growth/reproduction of bacteria 2. An agent having such properties |
| Antifungal | 1. Destructive to or checking the growth of fungi 2. An agent the destroys or checks the growth of fungi |
| Antipruritic | 1. Preventing or relieving itching 2. An agent that counteracts itching; of special importance in the treatment of animals bc of the self trauma that results from pruritus |
| Atopy/Canine Atopy | Clinical syndrome involving type 1 hypersensitivity (allergy) with a hereditary predisposition. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved. other def - Genetic hypersensitivity to environmental allergens |
| Canine Atopy | 2. characterized by pruritus, often seasonal, mainly of feet, face & ventral body w/ self trauma. 2° pyoderma, hyperhidrosis, & otitis externa often present Rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and GI disorders may also occur |
| Humectants | 1. Rehydrate skin 2. Moistening 3. A moistening or diluent medicine Examples Carboxylic Acid Propylene Glycol Lactic Acid Glycerin Sodium Lactate Polyvinylpyrrolidone Urea Sodium Lactate |
| /Insecticidals | (Insecticide) An agent that kills insects. The toxicity of an insecticidal preparation may be greatly altered by the agents used as emulsifiers and solvents. |
| Lichenified skin (lichenification) | Thickening and hardening of the skin, with exaggeration of its normal markings. other def - hardened or leathery skin usu. as result of chronic irritation |
| Pyoderma | Any purulent (pus-forming) skin disease. Includes pustule, pimple, acne, impetigo and furunculosis. |
| Ringworm aka Dermatophytosis | Infection of superficial layers of the skin & hair fibers w/ 1 of a group of dermatophytic fungi. Some are obligate parasites of animals, others have the same relationship w/ humans & others are free-living in the soil & invade skin rarely Zoonotic Othe |
| Seborrhea oleosa | Moist, oily seborrhea w/ the formation of yellow-brown crusts. Characterized by scales and excess oils |
| Seborrhea sicca | Dry, scaly seborrheic dermatitis Characterized by dry scales |
| /Emollients | 1. Adds oils to skin 2. Soothing and softening as an emollient bath given for various skin disorders. 3. An agent that softens or sooths the skin or soothes an irritated internal surface. |
| Hyperhidrosis | Excessive sweating |
| Impetigo | Usually a staphlococcal skin infection marked by vessicles or bullae that become pustular, rupture and form yellow crusts. |
| Furuncle/furunculosis | Focal suppurative inflammation of the skin and SQ tissues, enclosing a central "core" called a boil. Often involves 1° infection of hair follicle. Persistent sequential occurence of furuncles over wks/mos. OR Simultaneous occurrence of a no. of furuncles |
| /Seborrhea | An abnormal secretion from the sebaceous glands often assoc. w/ abnormalities of keratinization. Clinical features vary from dandruff to greasy scales and crusts w/ accompanying inflammation |
| Seborrheic Dermatitis | Chronic, usu. pruritic, dermatitis w/ erythema; dry, moist, or greasy scaling; & yellow crusted patches with exfolliation excessive dry scales (dandruff) or encrustations of sebum on the skin |
| Sebum | Oily secretion fo the sebaceous glands whose ducts open into the hair follicles. Composed of fat and epithelial debris from malpighian. Lubricates the skin |
| Vesicle | Regarding skin: small blister w/ clear, serous fluid that forms on/beneath surface of skin less than 0.5-1cm. Lgr is bullae Small, bubble-like sac within or outside a cell that stores and transports materials enclosed by a lipid bilayer |
| Bulla, plural bullae | a blister a circumscribed, fluid-containing, elevated lesion of the skin, usually more than 5mm contains clear, serous fluid |
| Emulsifiers | Help distribute emollients examples: Cetyl Alcohol PEG-4 dilaurate Laureth-5 Stearic Acid Lecithin Stearyl Alcohol |
| Antimycotic | Agent used to prevent, destroy, or inhibit the growth of fungi and yeasts aka antifungal |
| Mycoses | Fungal infections |
| Pustule | Small, inflamed, raised skin lesion or blister-like sore that is filled w/ yellow or white pus Less than 1cm in diameter |
| What three ingredients in flea collars should you not use on cats? | Amitraz, Permethrin, or Organophosphates |
| 1. List 5 medical problems that fleas can cause or transmit. | Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD) Tapeworms 2° skin irritations Anemia |
| /2. What organism causes Plague? | Yersinia pestis - the bacterium that causes plague |
| 3. How is Plague transmitted? | Transmitted via the bite of fleas → Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea) also direct contact w/ infectious body fluids or inhalation of infections respiratory droplets |
| 4. What is responsible for the irritation of flea bites? | Flea salivary secretions aka flea saliva |
| 5. Where do fleas tend to concentrate on dogs and cats? | Neck Shoulder blades Base of tail In heavier infestations, seen in sparse hair on belly |
| 6. List the clinical signs of flea infestation. | Small, hard, red, sl. raised/swollen itchy spot surrounded by a red halo Signs of discomfort Frequent scratching & biting of legs, belly & back areas Evidence of blood fecal pellets aka flea feces aka flea dirt Salt & pepper = flea eggs and flea dirt |
| 7. How would you examine a patient to see if it had fleas? | Ck for fleas Use a flea comb |
| 8. What are control measures for flea infestations? | IPM - integrated pest management Clean and remove food for flea larvae Target adult fleas and larvae w/ pesticides Simultaneous tx including sanitation, pet tx, and premises tx (indoor and outdoor) |
| 9. What should you ALWAYS do before applying pesticides to pets? Why is this so important? | Read, follow, understand label instructions Ensure species applicable |
| 10. List the different categories for flea control products for use on pets, and their characteristics and applications. | Once a month topicals Sprays Dips Shampoos Collars Oral products Flea combs |
| Flea Control Product: Once a Month Topicals | Insecticide applied to pet's back Easiest to use Last the longest Generally include permethrin, pyrethrin, fibronil |
| Flea Control Product: Sprays | Aerosols or pump bottles Spray all parts of animal, but no need to soak Avoid getting in eyes and ears |
| Flea Control Product: Dips / Rinses | Applied to entire animal Use in well ventilated area Avoid eyes and ears, ointment in eyes Read carefully for cats |
| Flea Control Product: Shampoos | Flea & tick shampoos rid pet of fleas/ticks already on pt Some have residual activity 10 mins contact Protect eyes and ears Often contain pyrethrins |
| Flea Control Products: Collars | Can be effective if applied properly/right degree snugness Cut off excess to avoid ingestion Some lose effectiveness when wet Monitor for irritation under collar Do NOT use collars w/ Amitraz, permethrin, organophosphates on cats |
| Flea Control Products: Oral Products | Tablets given once a month Oral product that kills adult fleas lasting 24 hours capstar Some only control reproduction - program and sentinel this info is outdated |
| Flea Control Products: Flea Comb | Valuable tool for removing fleas Non toxic Best for ill, pregnant, infant pets Comb should have 32 teeth/inch Takes time, not good for flea bite hypersensitivity |
| 11. What flea preventatives should NOT be used on cats? | Products containing Permethrins |
| /12. List several medical problems that can be caused or transmitted by ticks. | Irritation/pruritus Anemia 2° infection at bite→sepsis Tick paralysis Lyme Dz Ehrlichia Anaplasmosis Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever Tularemia Cytauxzoon felis (Cytauxzoonosis) |
| 13. What are the treatments for ticks? | |
| /14. Why should you use gloves when removing ticks? | Contents of the tick can transmit disease |
| 15. List some methods of controlling / preventing tick infestations | Manual removal Chemical tx w/ fast acting acaricide w/ pyrethroid or pyrethrin Avoid wooded/brushy areas Use repellants/permethrins Cover up w/ long sleeves/pants in socks Check whole body |
| /16. Understand the proper way to remove ticks. | Use forceps, grasping close to skin Slow, steady rearward pressure Avoid crushing, twisting, jerking tick to avoid ↑ exposure to pathogens & broken mouthparts/granuloma formation Clean w/ disinfectant & apply triple abx oint Wash hands |
| 17. Determine if and what tick species are in your area. Visit the CAPC and the CDC websites, posted in the course site, in order to identify the various species of ticks. | |
| Ticks in my Area: Ohio | American dog tick Blacklegged tick Lone star tick |
| Tick Dz in my area: Ohio | Lyme Dz RMSF rocky mt spotted fever Anaplasmosis Babesiosis Ehrlichiosis More rarely: tularemia, STARI southern tick associated rash illness, and Powassan virus Alpha-gal syndrome |
| 18. There are several products used to prevent and control fleas and ticks. Familiarize yourself with these products and their indications and contraindications. | |
| Miconazole 2% (in shampoo) | Antifungal ingredient For tx of ringworm and yeast infections Less expensive than keotconazole |
| Chlorhexidine 2-4% For antifungal action (in shampoo) | Antifungal ingredient Some activity against yeast, less against ringworm Higher concentrations may be irritating/dry out skin |
| Ketoconazole 2% (in shampoo) | Antifungal ingredient Highly effective |
| Selenium sulfide 1% (in shampoo) | Antifungal ingredient Removes scale & crust, reduces scale production Antibacterial and antifungal Degreases Can be irritating to scrotum and MM Best to limit use to yeast infections & severe oiliness 10 mins contact for antifungal activity NO CATS |
| Almond Oil | Emollient - adds oils to skin |
| Corn Oil | Emollient - adds oils to skin |
| Cottonseed Oil | Emollient - adds oils to skin |
| Coconut Oil | Emollient - adds oils to skin |
| Olive Oil | Emollient - adds oils to skin |
| Peanut Oil | Emollient - adds oils to skin |
| Persia Oil | Emollient - adds oils to skin |
| Safflower Oil | Emollient - adds oils to skin |
| Sesame Oil | Emollient - adds oils to skin |
| Lanolin | Emollient - adds oils to skin |
| Mineral Oil | Emollient - adds oils to skin |
| Paraffin | Emollient - adds oils to skin |
| Cetyl Alcohol | Emulsifier - helps distribute emollients |
| Laureth-5 | Emulsifier - helps distribute emollients |
| Lecithin | Emulsifier - helps distribute emollients |
| PEG-4 dilaurate | Emulsifier - helps distribute emollients |
| Stearic Acid | Emulsifier - helps distribute emollients |
| Stearyl Alcohol | Emulisifier - helps distribute emollients |
| Carboxylic Acid | Humectant - rehydrates skin |
| Lactic Acid | Humectant - rehydrates skin |
| Urea | Humectant - rehydrates skin |
| Sodium Lactate | Humectant - rehydrates skin |
| Propylene Glycol | Humectant - rehydrates skin |
| Glycerin | Humectant - rehydrates skin |
| Polyvinlypyrrolidone | Humectant - rehydrates skin |
| Novosomes (trademarked) | Special Formulation (trademarked) Microscopic particles which can be made to contain a number of ingredients Adhere to skin and hair and slowly release their contents Release contents over 7-10 days |
| Spherulites (trademarked) | Special formulation (trademarked) Microscopic particles which can be made to contain a number of ingredients Adhere to skin and hair and slowly release their contents Release contents over 8 days |
Created by:
shawamber