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Medication Admin
Giving meds to patients
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ADME | Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion |
| Drug Monographs | "Cards" that contain essential information on drugs, such as indications, route of administration, frequency of dosage, and more. |
| Division Orientation | (ordered dose / dispensed dose) x quantity |
| Multiplication Orientation | (ordered dose x quantity) / dispensed dose |
| Simplification Orientation | ordered dose x (quantity / dispensed dose) |
| Dimensional Analysis | Cancelling out all measurement units other than the unit the dose is measured in. |
| Drop Rate Equation | (volume x drop factor) / (duration x min/hr or 60) = drops/min |
| Drop Rate Denominators | Gravity drip kits come in standard drop rates, so an equation was made to skip a step in the calculation process. |
| Trade Name | The commercial name a company gives to medications they developed |
| Generic Name | The official name of a medication that a manufacturer gives it. |
| Prescription Medications | A potentially harmful medication if there is no supervision of administration by a licensed health provider, such as a physician, nurse practitioner, or physician’s assistant. |
| Over the Counter Medications | Medications do not require a prescription because they have a designation from the FDA that says they are relatively safe to take without supervision. They can easily be obtained at a grocery, convenience, and even gas station stores. |
| Pharmaceutics | Address how various medication forms affect the dissolution of a medication, the absorption rate of a medication, and, subsequently, its onset of action. |
| Oral Medications | Medications taken by mouth. |
| Delayed Release Medication | Medication tablet containing beads of coated medication that release a medication over time instead of immediately. |
| Parenteral | Injectable |
| Parenteral Medications | Medications that are injected into the body to bypass the GI system. |
| Reconstitution | Adding liquid to a dry medication to make it injectable. |
| Intravenous Medication | Medication that is injected into the veins and directly into the bloodstream. |
| Intramuscular Medication | Medication that is injected into skeletal muscle tissue. |
| Subcutaneous Medication | Medication that is injected into the subcutaneous layer under the dermis. |
| Topical Medication | Medication that is applied to the integument of a certain area. |
| Absorption | The movement of the drug from the site of administration to the various tissues of the body. |
| Distribution | Movement of the medication by the circulatory system to its intended site of action. |
| Metabolism | The change that occurs in a medication into a more or less potent form of the medication, more soluble form of the medication, or an inactive form of the medication. This is usually done by the liver. |
| Biotransformation | When the structure of the medication is chemically altered during metabolism. |
| Metabolite | The new, or altered, form of a medication after being metabolized. |
| Excretion | The elimination of a medication or its metabolites through various parts of the body. |
| Half-Life | The time it takes for a medication that enters the body to decrease in amount by half due to metabolism and excretion. |
| Onset of Action | The amount of time it takes for a medication to demonstrate a therapeutic response. |
| Peak Effect | The time it takes a medication to demonstrate its full therapeutic effect. |
| duration of action | the length of time the medication’s therapeutic effect lasts without additional doses. |
| peak level | the point in time when a medication is at its highest level in the body. |
| trough level | the point in time when a medication is at its lowest level in the body. |
| Pharmacodynamics | The biochemical changes that occur in the body as a result of taking a medication. Therapeutic effects are the intended effects of the medication. Adverse drug reactions are the unintended effects of the medication. |
| Adverse Drug Reactions | Nontherapeutic, unintended effects of a medication that occur at a therapeutic dose. They may be predictable and well-known or unpredictable. These can range from annoying but tolerable to life-threatening. |
| allergic drug reaction | The most severe type of adverse drug reaction. They can range from itching and rash or hives to life-threatening anaphylactic shock. |
| Anaphylactic shock | An exaggerated response of the body’s immune system to a medication, which precipitates a massive release of histamine and other chemical mediators into the body. Findings include swelling of the eyes, face, mouth, and throat; difficulty breathing; wheezing; rapid heart rate; and extremely low blood pressure. Such manifestations may ultimately lead to cardiac arrest. |
| interaction | an alteration in the expected pharmacologic action of a medication that results from an interaction with another medication or substance. |
| cumulative medication effect | The body is unable to metabolize and excrete the single dose of the medication before another dose is administered. |
| toxicity | Then a client receives medications in excessive dosages, resulting in negative physiologic effects. The effects may be irreversible and/or life-threatening. |
| Accumulation | Impaired excretion of a medication allows it to build up in the body. Eventually, this reaches levels where toxic effects are evident. |
| precautions | Extra steps taken to prevent adverse effects for medications that have a higher chance of causing an adverse reaction and/or for populations at a higher risk of experiencing adverse reactions. This is only done when a medication's benefits outweigh the risks to a patient. Otherwise, the medication is not given. |
| contraindication | Medications that a provider should not prescribe because they have the potential to cause serious or life-threatening adverse drug reactions in certain populations or in combination with other medications and certain foods. Providers should not consider the use of medications in these situations except under extremely unusual circumstances. |
| Drug-Drug Interactions | when one medication changes the way another medication affects the body |
| Food-Drug Interactions | when a food changes the way a medication affects the body. |
| additive interaction | the combined effect of two medications you give together is the same as each medication you give alone in similar doses in a 1+1=2 way. |
| Synergistic Interaction | When the effect of one medication is greater if you give it with another medication. This results in a 1+1=>2 effect. |
| Antagonistic Interaction | when the effect of one medication is decreased or blocked if you give it with another medication |
| Epidural | Medication administered directly into the epidural space along the spine. |
| intrathecal | Administration of medication into the spinal canal. |
| Central Venous Catheter | Catheter inserted into a vein to administer high volume or high concentrations of medications |
| Knowledge-Based Errors | when there is an absence of learning about medications used in practice, client history, or administration of the medication. |
| Rule-Based Errors | failure to follow appropriate standards of practice for medication administration |
| Activity-Based Errors | occur with medications that sound alike or are spelled similarly or when becoming distracted during the medication administration process. |
| slip error | Error occurring with look-alike or sound-alike medications. |
| idiosyncratic drug reactions | Unpredictable medication reactions. Most involve targeting of the liver or bone marrow. |
| Patient Education | Providing information to patients regarding the medications they are taking, including why they're taking the medication, both the generic and brand names of the medication, the appropriate route and schedule for administration, possible side effects and adverse effects that could occur, and any precautions the client needs to take during therapy. |
| Teratogen | Anything that negatively affects expected embryonic or fetal development, including medications, illicit drugs, radiation, chemicals, and infections. |
| First Pass Elimination Effect | The process in which a medication is metabolized in the body prior to entering the bloodstream, therefore decreasing the overall medication concentration. |
| Otic medications | a type of topical medication administered directly into the ear canal. These medications are commonly used for conditions of the external ear. |
| Ophthalmic medications | topical medications administered to the subconjunctiva of the eye. These medications are used for a variety of eye conditions, including eye infections and chronic conditions such as glaucoma |
| Ionization | Whether a drug carries an electric charge in a solution. Affects the degree of absorption and the rate at which the drug permeates the cell membranes, which ultimately impacts the distribution of a medication. |
| Dissolution | The process where a gaseous, liquid, or solid phase dissolves in a solvent to form a solution. |
| Orally Disintegrating Tablets | Drug form that rapidly dissolves on the tongue or oral cavity. |
| Prodrugs | Inactive chemicals that are activated through metabolism to exert their therapeutic effects. |
| Adverse Drug Event | Harm involving medication use and may be preventable (medication errors) or nonpreventable. |
Created by:
marinareagankhan