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Civics ch 7b
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "What is a municipality?" | "A local government unit governing a city |
| "What services do municipal governments commonly provide?" | "Police and fire protection; streets; garbage collection; water and sewage; public transportation; parks and recreation; planning |
| "Why do municipal governments handle local issues?" | "Local issues are often too specific for state or national governments to manage effectively." |
| "How do local governments typically compare with state and federal governments in citizen contact?" | "They generally have more direct contact with citizens." |
| "What central financial challenge do municipal governments face?" | "Balancing service needs with affordable taxes and spending." |
| "What are the usual parts of a municipal government?" | "An elected governing body |
| "What are common names for a municipal governing body?" | "City council |
| "What does a municipal governing body do?" | "Creates local laws |
| "What does a municipal executive branch do?" | "Carries out policies adopted by the governing body." |
| "What determines a municipal government's structure?" | "The form of government chosen by the community." |
| "Who do voters elect in a mayor-council government?" | "A mayor and a city council." |
| "What are the roles of the mayor and council in a mayor-council government?" | "The mayor is the chief executive; the council is the legislative body." |
| "What does the mayor generally do in a mayor-council system?" | "Administers departments and carries out local laws." |
| "What does the city council generally do in a mayor-council system?" | "Makes ordinances |
| "What powers might a mayor have under a city charter?" | "Power over the budget |
| "What characterizes a strong-mayor system?" | "The mayor has substantial executive authority |
| "What characterizes a weak-mayor system?" | "The mayor has limited authority while the council has greater control over administration and appointments; the mayor may mainly coordinate or perform ceremonial duties." |
| "What is one advantage of mayor-council government?" | "Voters can clearly identify the city's political leader." |
| "What is a possible disadvantage of mayor-council government?" | "Conflict between the mayor and council can delay budgets |
| "How can political conflict arise in mayor-council government?" | "Different parties or political groups may control the mayor's office and council." |
| "What is another possible problem in mayor-council government?" | "A mayor may prioritize political considerations over administrative expertise." |
| "Who elects the governing body in a council-manager government?" | "Voters elect the city council." |
| "Who runs daily city operations in a council-manager government?" | "A professional city manager hired by the council." |
| "How is a city manager usually selected?" | "For administrative experience |
| "What does the council do in a council-manager government?" | "Sets policy |
| "What does the city manager do?" | "Implements council policies |
| "What role may a mayor have in a council-manager government?" | "The mayor may be a council member elected by voters or the council |
| "How does council-manager government divide responsibilities?" | "Elected officials provide political leadership; the appointed manager provides professional administration." |
| "What are advantages supporters cite for council-manager government?" | "Professional management |
| "What is a possible disadvantage of council-manager government?" | "Voters may find it harder to determine who is responsible for poor decisions because responsibility is divided." |
| "What is a town meeting?" | "A form of local government where residents directly participate in important community decisions." |
| "Where are town meetings especially associated?" | "New England communities." |
| "What decisions may residents make at a town meeting?" | "Discuss community issues |
| "Why is a town meeting an example of direct democracy?" | "Citizens vote directly on government decisions rather than deciding everything through representatives." |
| "What are advantages of town meetings?" | "Direct citizen participation and control |
| "What are disadvantages of town meetings?" | "They can take time; attendance may be limited; highly active residents may have disproportionate influence." |
| "Where does town-meeting government generally work best | and why?" |
| "Why is town-meeting government harder to use in large communities?" | "It becomes difficult for every resident to participate directly in every decision." |
| "What is a special-purpose government?" | "A government created to provide one public service or a limited group of related services." |
| "How does a special-purpose government differ from a municipal government?" | "It focuses on specific services rather than handling all local responsibilities." |
| "What are examples of special-purpose governments?" | "School |
| "Can special-purpose government boundaries differ from city or county boundaries?" | "Yes. A district may cover multiple communities or a metropolitan region." |
| "Why are special-purpose governments created?" | "A service may require specialized expertise |
| "How may special-purpose governments receive funding?" | "Property taxes |
| "What is an advantage of special-purpose governments?" | "They can provide services efficiently by focusing on a specific function." |
| "What are disadvantages of special-purpose governments?" | "Overlapping jurisdictions |
| "What is a school district responsible for?" | "Operating public schools in a defined area." |
| "What do school districts generally manage?" | "Hiring educators and administrators |
| "How are school districts often governed?" | "By elected school boards." |
| "How may school districts be funded?" | "Local property taxes |
| "Can a school district serve multiple municipalities?" | "Yes. Its boundaries may cross municipal lines and include several communities." |
| "Why do cities and suburbs sometimes cooperate on services?" | "Some services are more effective when coordinated across municipal boundaries." |
| "What services may require regional cooperation?" | "Transit |
| "How can regional authorities or districts help?" | "They coordinate services across municipalities |
| "What can make regional cooperation difficult?" | "Differences in tax bases |
| "How are mayor-council and council-manager governments different?" | "Mayor-council voters elect a mayor and council |
| "How do town-meeting and representative local government differ?" | "Town meetings let citizens decide directly; representative systems rely on elected officials to make decisions." |
| "What is the main tradeoff of town-meeting government?" | "It promotes direct participation but is difficult to use in large populations." |
| "What is the main tradeoff of special-purpose government?" | "Specialization can improve service delivery but make government and accountability more complicated." |
| "What is the overall challenge for municipal governments?" | "Balancing effective services |
| "How may state governments use gambling?" | "They may authorize or sponsor regulated gambling |
| "Why may governments use gambling revenue?" | "It provides an additional source of funding without raising traditional taxes such as income |
| "What public purposes may lottery revenue support?" | "Education |
| "What are major sources of state revenue besides lotteries?" | "Individual income and sales taxes are among the largest; property and corporate taxes are smaller sources in comparison." |
| "How significant is lottery revenue in the state-revenue system?" | "It is only one part of a system funded by multiple sources." |
| "How is lottery revenue commonly distributed?" | "A large share goes to prizes; another significant share goes to state programs; smaller shares pay retailers and cover advertising |
| "How do state lotteries differ from one another?" | "They vary in games |
| "Do all states use lottery revenue for the same purposes?" | "No. Some direct it specifically to education or other public services |
| "Why do state governments sponsor or permit lotteries?" | "To generate revenue for public purposes through regulated gambling." |
| "How do lotteries differ from ordinary taxes?" | "They raise revenue through voluntary gambling rather than compulsory taxes |
| "Why do critics consider lotteries potentially unfair?" | "They have extremely poor odds and may disproportionately affect people with lower incomes." |
| "Why may low-income individuals be especially affected by lotteries?" | "Critics argue that lottery spending can take a disproportionate share of their resources." |
| "What is a potential social concern about lotteries?" | "They may encourage addictive behavior." |
| "How do supporters defend lotteries?" | "They view them as voluntary entertainment and a way to fund public programs." |
| "What is the central ethical question about state lotteries?" | "Whether using gambling to raise public money is fair and responsible." |
| "What should an evaluation of state lotteries consider?" | "Both their economic benefits and their social consequences." |
| "What is the main takeaway about state lotteries?" | "They provide additional government revenue but raise ethical and economic concerns about poor odds |
| "What does grassroots mean?" | "The lowest level of a group or activity." |
| "What does grassroots political organization emphasize?" | "Participation |
| "What is a political party?" | "A group that promotes shared political goals and seeks power to put those goals into practice." |
| "Who can join a political party or identify as independent?" | "Anyone can join any party or identify as independent." |
| "What are factions within a political party?" | "Groups within the party that compete for influence." |
| "What makes a political party strong?" | "Its ability to unite different factions behind a single candidate." |
| "What is the lowest level of party organization?" | "The precinct." |
| "What do party members do at the precinct level?" | "Gather at a polling place to elect officers and may submit proposals to the county party organization." |
| "What is the lowest level of party organization?" | "The precinct." |
| "What do party members do at the precinct level?" | "Gather at a polling place to elect officers and may submit proposals to the county party organization." |
| "What do precinct officers do?" | "Meet regularly as a county committee." |
| "How are party representatives chosen at the state level?" | "The county committee elects officers to represent it." |
| "What does a state executive committee do?" | "Works with the state party chair to raise campaign funds and help win elections." |
| "What were political machines?" | "Authoritarian political organizations that exchanged favors for votes." |
| "What does suffrage mean?" | "The right to vote." |
| "Who organizes state and local elections?" | "State and local governments." |
| "What is a concern about voter participation in the United States?" | "Many Americans do not exercise their right to vote." |
| "What do most states require before a person votes?" | "Voter registration." |
| "What requirements do most states have for voting?" | "U.S. citizenship |
| "How do voting methods vary?" | "They vary by state and sometimes within a state." |
| "What voting option do most states provide before Election Day?" | "Some form of early voting." |
| "What are the two basic types of elections?" | "Primary elections and general elections." |
| "What do primary elections determine?" | "Which candidate will represent each party." |
| "What is the purpose of a general election?" | "To elect the candidate who will fill a government office." |
| "How is suffrage described? | "A valuable right that many people do not exercise." |
| "What voter-turnout trend does the Bipartisan Policy Center describe for U.S. presidential elections? | "Slightly more than 60% of voters cast ballots in the 1960s; turnout later declined, then rose to slightly above 60% in 2004, 2008, and 2016." |
| "Which state does not require prospective voters to register before voting? | "North Dakota." |
| "How can a felony conviction affect voting rights? | "Many states prohibit people convicted of a felony from voting, though rules for restoring voting rights vary by state." |
| "How may some states restore voting rights after a felony conviction? | "Some restore them after the person completes their jail sentence; others require completion of the sentence and probation." |
| In some states, if no candidate receives a majority of the votes in a primary election, what must occur between the two candidates that has the most votes? | They must have a Runoff election. |
| A few states use a primary system where all candidates, regardless of party affiliation, are listed on the ballot. What is the method called? | The Top-Two method. |
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