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Bio 110 - Unit 2
What's a cell, Cells do
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell theory | 1) all organisms are made of one or more cells 2) cells come from existing cells |
| What is a cell | Functions to separate the initial aqueous regulated cell from the external unregulated environment - think homeostasis |
| Phospholipid bilayer | hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail - embedded into the membrane allow movement across by ions (charged particles), sugars, necessary large and charged molecules |
| Cell membrane (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) | semi-permeable - selectively permeable to control the internal environment Can pass: small, uncharged molecules cannot pass: large and charged molecules - controls what moves in and out of the cell |
| Proteins | embedded into the membrane, allow movement across by ions (charged particles), sugars... necessary large and charged particles |
| carbohydrates | surface perceive pathogens and other molecules |
| passive transport | - no energy - diffusion - movement of solutes - osmosis - movement of water - facilitated diffusion - charged and/or large molecules |
| active transport | - requires energy - requires a protein - against gradient |
| sodium potassium pump | example for protein pumps into cell membrane and active transport - cell membrane, helps healthy cell function, against concentration gradient |
| solute | substance that is being dissolved |
| solvent | what the solute is being dissolved into |
| solution | combination of solute and solvent |
| diffusion | - movement of molecules from high solute -> low solute conc. - moves with concentration gradient, not against it - equilibrium is reached when there is an equal distribution of solute molecules |
| Osmosis | - movement of water across semi-permeable membrane - water moved from high (water) -> low (water) concentration - solutes stay behind |
| hypertonic | more solute than solvent |
| hypotonic | more solvent than solute |
| isotonic | balance of solute and solvent |
| plasmolysis | when water moves from the inside to the outside of the cell |
| hemolysis | excess water going into red blood cell causing it to burst |
| endocytosis | - for substances too big for passive or active transport - cells engulf them with their plasma membrane |
| exocytosis | - removes large subs from the cell - both use vesicles: a pocket-like structure surrounding a substance so that it can be moved in or out of the cell |
| domains and life | domains are the largest category used by scientists to organize life - three domains that incorporate all life - bacteria: beneficial, harmful, or neutral to critters - archaea: extremophiles - ex: hydrothermal vents - eukarya: eukaryotic (organelles) |
| Bacteria | - oldest - prokaryotic - single-celled organisms - broader diversity of modes of nutrition and reproduction than Eukarya |
| Archaea | - middle - prokaryotic - more closely related to eukaryotes - thrive in extreme environments - understudied (hard to reach) |
| Eukarya | - youngest - eukaryotic - includes humans and all living organisms that can be seen by the naked eye ex) protista, fungi, plantae, animalia |
| All Cells | Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA and/or RNA), ribosomes |
| Eukaryote Cells | has a nucleus (contains genetic material) and organelles (think small organs that specialize in a specific function), single or multicellular - animals, plants, fungi, and protists |
| Prokaryote cells | don't have a true nucleus (more of a nuclear region), no organelles, first cells on earth, high metabolic diversity, single celled - bacteria and archaea |
| Eukaryotic cell - Plant cells | - cell wall - cell membrane - cytosol/cytoplasm - chloroplasts - central vacuole |
| cell wall (plants) | - made up of cellulose and gives cells its shape - minimizing water loss - structure and protection |
| cell membrane - eukaryotic plant cell | - up against cell wall |
| cytosol/cytoplasm (eukaryotic and prokaryotic) | watery matrix that keeps organelles suspended - get matrix to fill the cell |
| chloroplast (plant and algae) | - where photosynthesis occurs - small green spheres - chlorophyll pigment - originally a bacteria that was taken in by a eukaryote by endosymbiosis - makes sugar |
| central vacuole (plant and animal) | - organelle filled with water and solutes - nutrition and waste - in other eukaryotes, but less prominent - storage |
| eukaryotic cells - animal cells | - cell membrane - nucleus - cytosol/cytoplasm - mitochondria - lysosomes - rough endoplasmic reticulum - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - golgi apparatus |
| cell membrane - eukaryotic animal cell | - fluid - permits permeability - does not have cell wall |
| nucleus - eukaryotic animal cell | - stores the cells hereditary information or DNA - coordinates the cells activities |
| cytoskeleton | - acts as the inner scaffolding for the cell - provides shape and support - enables movement - internal structure |
| microtubules | - thick, hollow tubes - the tracks to which molecules and organelles within the cell may attach and be moved along |
| intermediate filaments | - durable, rope-like systems of numerous overlapping proteins - give cells great strength |
| microfilaments | - long, solid rope-like fibers - help with cell contraction and cell division |
| eukaryotic cells - animal cells structure | cytoskeleton - three types of protein fibers in cytoskeleton - microtubules - intermediate filaments - microfilaments |
| mitochondria (plants and animals) | - in most eukaryotes - energy source (powerhouse of the cell) -> makes ATP - breaking chemical bonds from carbohydrates, fats, proteins - originally a free-living bacteria, endosymbiosis |
| lysosomes (animals) | - waste removers - contains ~ 50 different digestive enzymes - breaks down waste |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum (plant and animal) | - rough ER - makes proteins (makers and doers) - has ribosomes |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (plant and animal) | - smooth ER - makes lipids and carbohydrates |
| Golgi apparatus (plant and animal) | - processes molecules - packages and sends |
| specialized cell | cell structure is different to match it's function |
| cell specialization theme | - for an organism to function properly cells need to specialize to cover different requirements within the body - to maintain homeostasis many different tasks are needed -> different cell types |
| specialized cells human examples: | - Red blood cells - have hemoglobin to carry oxygen, round shaped, don't have nucleus to carry more oxygen - White blood cells - two types - Muscle cells - smooth, skeletal, and cardiac - Neurons - send and receive electrical signals (thoughts/senses) |
| nucleus (plant and animal) | holds DNA and organizes cell |
| ribosomes (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) | - makes proteins |
| Types of life on earth | Autotrophs and Heterotrophs |
| Autotrophs | - inorganic substances (CO2) turned into food - Plants, algae, some bacteria |
| photoautotrophs | use light to fuel process - plants, green algae, |
| heterotrophs | - rely on other organisms as their source of nourishment - animals (humans), fungi, some bacteria |
| Photosynthesis | - uses light energy to convert CO2 and H2O into glucose - end products glucose and oxygen are vital for almost all life - takes place in the chloroplasts through it's photopigments |
| photopigments | capture energy from sunlight - most common is chlorophyll a (Blue-green) |
| Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts | - between the thylakoids - light energy becomes chemical energy - thylakoid is a single portion of stroma |
| Light spectrum and photopigments | white light composed of 6 types of color - violet, blue, green, yellow, orange when light strikes object: absorbed, transmitted, reflected |
| Absorbed light | - wavelengths that do NOT make up the color of the object - energy transferred to object - provides light energy for photosynthesis - chlorophyll does not absorb all wavelengths equally |
| reflected light | color of the object |
| chlorophyll a | - most important light-absorbing pigment in plants - does not absorb light in the green part of the spectrum |
| accessory pigments | aid chlorophyll a in photosynthesis by absorbing light of different wavelengths |
| first half of photosynthesis focuses on | obtaining energy |
| second half of photosynthesis focuses on | storing energy |
| Photosynthesis equation | 6 Carbon dioxide + 6 water -> glucose + 6 oxygen |
| cellular respiration equation | glucose + 6 oxygen -> 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + ATP |
| Cellular respiration | - glucose is a carb (store energy in their chemical bonds) - aerobic (oxygen present) pathways that break down glucose - extracts energy stored in chemical bonds - goal is to produce ATP (energy currency of cell) |
| Cellular respiration and enzymes | biochemical pathway medicated by enzymes - (mostly) proteins specialized to catalyze a chemical reaction - speeds up reaction - bind substrate (molecule) at active site - enzyme substrate specificity - enzyme can be reused |
| ATP Synthase | enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP - final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced |
| Glycolysis | breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules - produces 2 ATP - Occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell |
| Pyruvate to acetyl CoA | - Pyruvate breaks apart into acetyl CoA, with carbon dioxide as a byproduct - No ATP is produced - Occurs in the cytoplasm of cell |
| Krebs cycle | also known as citric acid cycle - occurs in the mitochondria (matrix) - carbon dioxide byproduct - produces 2 ATP |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation - electron transport chain | - electron shuffle (move electrons across membrane back and forth to make atp) - Majority of ATP is made here (32) - occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria - final byproduct is water - final electron acceptor is oxygen |
| Fermentation | Plants, animals, and many other critters perform Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) - Fermentation is anerobic respiration (no oxygen) who: bacteria, archaea - Just glycolysis (doesn't need oxygen) - yeast, muscle cells |
| fermentation process | makes less ATP than aerobic respiration - glycolysis - glucose -> pyruvate costs ATP to start produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
| Cell division | cells will have different functions to support the homeostasis of the organism - multicellular organisms grow by creating more cells via cell division |
| uncontrolled cell division - cancer | - unable to communicate - unable to perform normal cell functions - unanchored -> travel |
| cancer possible causes | - toxins - genetics - radiation |
| Uncontrolled growth leads to | tumor growth |
| Cancer possible treatment | - radiation - medication many treatments target rapidly dividing cells (often cancer) -> hair also being affected |
| Cell cycle checkpoints | - cell cycle had built in checkpoints to prevent harmful mutations and cancer - issue with the cell -> apoptosis (cell self-destruction) - fixable issue -> pause to correct error |
| G0 Phase | cells that are performing their function but not preparing for replication |
| cell cycle | - most of the time a cell is in interphase - metaphase is very brief |
| G1 and G2 | - growth phases to prepare and check the cell for division G1: Cytoplasm and cellular structures |
| synthesis phase | - replicates chromatin (DNA replication) - ends with 2 sister chromatid connected to a centromere |
| G2 | centrioles duplicate |
| M phase | mitosis or meiosis |
| Somatic cells | body cells, diploid, mitosis |
| mitosis | cellular division that results in two identical daughter cells |
| germ cells | gametes, haploid, meiosis |
| meiosis | cellular division that results in four individual gametes (sex cells) containing HALF of the parent cells genetic material |
| Receptors receive signal molecules on the outside (or inside of the cell) | cell signals are ligands - ligands can be diverse type of molecules |
| transduction | receptors change shape and pass message on; amplifying message |
| intercellular | cell to cell communication |
| intracellular | inside the cell |
| examples - intercellular signaling | - direct contact - paracrine signaling (targeted message) - synaptic signaling in the brain - endocrine signaling (hormones) |
| Purpose of cellular division (mitosis) | growth and repair - different cells have different jobs (homeostasis) - only a small part of the cell cycle |
| nucleus holds DNA -> DNA replicates exactly... | - chromosomes - DNA and Protein (to help with organization) - humans have 46 chromosomes - all chromosomes duplicated in interphase |
| sister chromatids are held together by | centromeres |
| PMAT + Cytokinesis | - Prophasse - metaphase - Anaphase - telaphase - cytokinesis - cell membrane contracts to split into 2 cells |
| Prophase | centrioles migrate and form spindle fibers |
| metaphase | spindle fibers attach to centromere, equatorial plate |
| anaphase | spindle fibers pull |
| telephase | cytokinesis 1) cleavage furrow 2) cell plate: center outward |
| Binary fission | - prokaryotes - circular chromosomes: replicate by pairing inside the chromosome - enlarge similar to interphase and separate similar to cytokinesis - mother and daughter cells are identical |
Created by:
Shannonneville