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ap exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 'Which major function of bones allows skeletal muscles to produce body movement | -serving as levers for muscle action |
| Which mineralized substance makes up as much of the inorganic bone matrix to bone hardness | -hydroxyapatite |
| Which bone cell type is unspecialized, can undergo cell division and can develop into osteoblasts | osteoprogenitor cell |
| Which cell secretes osteoid, the organic component new bone matrix | -osteoblast |
| Which cell is mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue metabolism | -osteocyte |
| Which cell reabsorbs bone by releasing acid and enzymes that digest the bone matrix | -osteoclast |
| What is the shaft or body of a typical long bone called | - diaphysis |
| Which structure is the dense fibrous membrane covering the external surface of bone except at joint surfaces | -Periosteum |
| Which thin membrane lines the medullary cavity | - endosteum |
| What is the repeating structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae around a central canal | - osteon |
| In compact bone, what is the name of the small space that contains an osteocyte | - lacuna |
| Which microscopic channels connect lacunae and help osteocytes communicate through the bone matrix | - Canaliculi |
| The central (haversian) canal contains which structures | - blood and lymphatic vessels |
| Which hormone increase the rate and number of osteoclasts, helping raise blood calcium levels | -Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| Which statement correctly describes spongy bone | - it contains trabeculae and does not contain osteons |
| In which process does bone form directly within mesenchyme | -intramembranous ossification |
| Which process forms bone by replacing a hyaline cartilage model? | -Endochondral ossification |
| In which epiphyseal plate zone do chondrocytes divide rapidly | - zone of proliferation |
| Which option lists the five epiphyseal plate zones in the correct order from the epiphyseal side toward the diaphyseal side | - resting cartilage – proliferation- hypertrophy- calcification- ossification |
| What is appositional growth of bone | - growth that increases bone thickness by adding tissue at the outer surface |
| Which list contains the structures that make up the axial skeleton | -skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, ribs |
| Which option lists the five main bone types classified by shape | -long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid |
| Which bone marking is a tube-like opening | - meatus |
| Which bone marking is smooth flat articular surface | - facet |
| How many bone bones make up the skull and how are they divided | - 22 total; 8 cranial, 14 facial |
| Which list correctly identifies the eight cranial bones | - frontal, two parietal, two temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| Which structure lies between the frontal bone and the two parietal | -coronal |
| Why is a fracture at the pterion clinically important | -it can damage the middle meningeal artery and cause an epidural hematoma |
| Which cranial bone contains the foremen magnum | -occupital |
| Which feature of the temporal bone articulates with the condylar process of the maniable to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) | - mandibular fossa and articular tubercle |
| The cribriform plate of which bone contains olfactory formation for the passage of olfactory nerve fibers? | -Ethmoid |
| The hypophyseal fossa which houses the pituitary gland, is located in which bone | - sphenoid |
| Which option lists the seven bones that form orbit | -frontal, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine, sphenoid, zygomatic |
| -frontal, max Which facial bone forms the upper jaw and contribute to the floor of the orbit and the hard palate | - maxilla |
| Which statement about the hyoid bone is correct | - it is U-shaped and does not articulate with another bone |
| How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are normally present, respectively | -7,12,5 |
| Which description identifies the atlas | - the first cervical vertebrae (C1), a ring-shaped vertebrae without a body |
| Which feature distinguishes the axis from another typical cervical vertebrae | - the dens |
| Which pair of spinal curves are secondary curves in an adult | cervical and lumbar |
| What occurs in a herniated invertebrate disc | - the nucleus pulposus is pushed out through the annulus fibrous and may compress a spinal nerve root |
| The remnant of a closed epiphyseal plate is called the | epiphyseal line |
| The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue is called | bone remodeling |
| In the reactive phases of fracture repair the initial mass of blood at the fractures site is called a fractur | hematoma |
| During the reparative state osteoblasts produce a spongy bone trabeculae that form a | bony callus |
| The hormone that inhibits osteoclasts activity is | calcitonin |
| The adult bone formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae is the | sacrum |
| The small fused vertebrae inferior to the sacrum for the | coccyx |
| The inferior pointed part of the sternum is the | xiphoid process |
| Which ribs are true ribs | 1-7 |
| which ribs are false ribs | 8-10 |
| which ribs are floating ribs | 11-12 |
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