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Stack #4728501
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does sonderweg mean | Germany's special path |
| What does Sonderweg describe? | Germany's unique path toward modernity. |
| When did Germany unify? | 1871. |
| What is one major debate about Sonderweg | Whether Germany really followed a unique path. |
| When was the German Confederation created? | 1815 |
| Why was the German Confederation created? | After Napoleon's defeat. |
| What was the German Confederation made up of? | Many German states. |
| Which two powers competed for leadership? | Austria and Prussia |
| What eventually replaced the German Confederation? | A unified Germany in 1871. |
| Who was Bismarck? | A Prussian statesman. |
| What is Bismarck most famous for? | German unification. |
| What political strategy did Bismarck use? | Realpolitik |
| What does Realpolitik mean? | Practical politics focused on achieving goals. |
| What country did Bismarck lead? | Prussia. |
| When was Germany unified? | 1871 |
| What position did Bismarck become after unification? | First chancellor of the German Empire. |
| What does antisemitism mean? | Prejudice or hostility toward Jewish people. |
| Did antisemitism exist before the Nazis? | Yes |
| How did the Nazis use antisemitism? | They made it a central part of their ideology. |
| Who did Nazis blame for many of Germany's problems? | Jews |
| What did antisemitism eventually become? | Government policy. |
| What was the Stab-in-the-Back Legend? | The false idea that Germany was betrayed from within. |
| When did this legend develop? | After World War I. |
| Who was blamed for Germany's defeat? | Groups including politicians, socialists, and Jews. |
| What government did the legend hurt? | The Weimar Republic. |
| Who later used the legend as propaganda? | The Nazis. |
| When was the Treaty of Versailles signed? | 1919 |
| What did the treaty follow? | World War I. |
| What did Germany have to pay? | Reparations |
| What happened to German territory? | Germany lost territory. |
| What happened to Germany's military? | It faced restrictions. |
| How did many Germans feel about Versailles? | Humiliated and angry. |
| Who used resentment over Versailles? | The Nazis. |
| What is proportional representation? | Seats are based on the percentage of votes. |
| Did Weimar Germany use proportional representation? | Yes |
| What did proportional representation allow? | Many political parties to gain seats. |
| What problem could this create? | A fragmented parliament. |
| What type of governments could result? | Coalition governments. |
| When were Minority Rights Treaties created? | After World War I. |
| What were they designed to protect? | Minorities |
| What types of minorities were protected? | Ethnic, religious, and national minorities. |
| What international system were they connected to? | The post-WWI international system and League of Nations. |
| What was a major problem with the treaties? | They were difficult to enforce. |
| Who was Friedrich Ebert? | A Social Democratic politician. |
| What was Ebert's important position? | First president of the Weimar Republic. |
| When did he become important? | After World War I. |
| What did Ebert help establish? | The Weimar democratic government. |
| What did Ebert face? | Political opposition from both left and right. |
| Who was Gustav Stresemann? | An important Weimar politician. |
| What was Stresemann known for? | Diplomacy and stabilization. |
| What did Stresemann try to improve? | Germany's international relations. |
| What treaty is associated with Stresemann? | Treaty of Locarno. |
| What period is Stresemann associated with? | Relative Weimar stabilization. |
| When was the Treaty of Locarno? | 1925. |
| What did Locarno improve? | Germany's international relations. |
| Who was associated with Locarno? | Gustav Stresemann. |
| What did Germany accept at Locarno? | Its western borders. |
| What did Locarno represent? | What did Locarno represent? |
| Who was Heinrich Brüning? | A German chancellor. |
| When was Brüning chancellor? | During the early Great Depression. |
| What type of policies did Brüning use? | Austerity policies. |
| What does austerity mean? | Reducing government spending. |
| What nickname did Brüning have? | The “Hunger Chancellor.” |
| Why was he called that? | His policies contributed to economic hardship. |
| What did Brüning increasingly rely on? | Presidential emergency powers. |
| What is Mein Kampf? | Hitler's political and ideological book. |
| Who wrote Mein Kampf? | hitler |
| When did Hitler write much of it? | While imprisoned. |
| What ideas are found in Mein Kampf? | Nationalism, racism, antisemitism, and anti-communism. |
| What other major Nazi idea appears in it? | Lebensraum. |
| What does Lebensraum mean? | “Living space.” |
| What did Nazis believe Germany needed? | More territory. |
| Where did Nazis especially want to expand? | Eastern Europe. |
| What was Lebensraum connected to? | Nazi racial ideology. |
| What did Lebensraum help justify? | German expansion and war. |
| When was the Enabling Act passed? | March 1933. |
| What did the Enabling Act give Hitler? | The ability to make laws without normal Reichstag approval. |
| What happened to the Reichstag's power? | It was greatly weakened. |
| What did the Enabling Act help destroy? | German democracy. |
| What did it help Hitler establish? | A dictatorship. |
| When was the Night of the Long Knives? | June 1934. |
| What was it? | A Nazi purge. |
| Who was one major target? | Ernst Röhm. |
| What organization was Röhm associated with? | The SA. |
| Why did Hitler carry out the purge? | To eliminate rivals and threats. |
| Who benefited from the purge? | Hitler and his dictatorship. |
| What was Dachau? | A Nazi concentration camp. |
| When was Dachau established? | 1933. |
| What type of prisoners were initially held there? | Political prisoners. |
| What did Dachau become? | A model for the Nazi concentration-camp system. |
| What does Dachau represent? | Nazi terror and repression. |
| What was Sachsenhausen? | A Nazi concentration camp. |
| When was Sachsenhausen established? | 1936. |
| Where was it located? | Near Berlin. |
| Who was imprisoned there? | Political prisoners and other persecuted groups. |
| What does Sachsenhausen demonstrate? | The expansion of the Nazi concentration-camp system. |
| Who was Joseph Goebbels? | A leading Nazi official. |
| What was Goebbels' main job? | Propaganda. |
| What did Goebbels control? | Media and mass communication. |
| What types of media did he influence? | Newspapers, radio, and film. |
| What did Nazi propaganda promote? | Hitler and Nazi ideology. |
| What did propaganda spread about Jews? | Antisemitic ideas. |
| What were Special Courts? | Nazi courts used to punish political offenses. |
| What were People's Courts? | Nazi courts dealing heavily with political cases. |
| What happened to normal legal protections? | They were weakened. |
| Who did these courts target? | Political opponents and people considered enemies of the regime. |
| What do these courts show? | The Nazi regime used law as a tool of dictatorship. |
| Who was Wilhelm Frick? | A senior Nazi official. |
| What government position did Frick hold? | Interior Minister. |
| What did Frick help control? | German government administration. |
| What policies was he involved in? | Nazi legislation and racial policies. |
| What does Frick represent? | The Nazi takeover of the German state. |
| Who was Martin Bormann? | A powerful Nazi official. |
| What organization did Bormann lead? | The Nazi Party Chancellery. |
| What did Bormann control? | Party administration. |
| Why was Bormann especially powerful? | He controlled access to Hitler. |
| What does Bormann demonstrate? | The importance of Nazi Party bureaucracy. |
| What did Nazis mean by “asocials”? | People they considered socially undesirable. |
| Who could be labeled “asocial”? | Homeless people, beggars, and others considered undesirable. |
| Was “asocial” an objective category? | No, it was a Nazi-created label. |
| Why did Nazis use the label? | To justify exclusion and persecution. |
| When were the Nuremberg Laws passed? | 1935. |
| What were the Nuremberg Laws? | Nazi racial laws. |
| Who were primarily targeted? | Jews. |
| What did the laws take away from Jews? | Full citizenship. |
| What did the laws prohibit? | Marriage and sexual relations between Jews and Germans under Nazi racial definitions. |
| Why were the laws important? | They made antisemitism official government policy. |
| Who was Peter Fritzsche? | A historian who explained the Nazi rise to power. |
| What does Fritzsche emphasize? | Political radicalization. |
| When did Fritzsche say radicalization became important? | After World War I and the November Revolution. |
| What does the economic explanation emphasize? | The Great Depression and economic hardship. |
| What other political problems mattered? | Political instability and the weakening of Weimar democracy. |
| What is the best overall argument? | The Nazi rise had multiple causes rather than one single cause. |
| What is polycracy? | A system with multiple competing centers of power. |
| What were “hybrid party/state organizations”? | Organizations combining traditional state and Nazi Party institutions. |
| What did Nazi organizations compete over? | Power and control. |
| What could competition between organizations do? | Make Hitler the person who resolved their conflicts. |
| What does intentionalism argue? | Hitler was a strong dictator who intentionally directed Nazi policy. |
| What does functionalism argue? | Competing institutions helped produce Nazi radicalization. |
| Why was Hitler still powerful in a competitive system? | Organizations depended on him to resolve conflicts. |
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