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Organelles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are cells? (1) what are ALL CELLS composed of? (4) | the basic structural and functional units of every organism; are bound by a plasma membrane, contain cytosol, contain chromosomes, contain ribosomes |
| what are the two types of cells? | eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
| what composes a prokaryote? (4) | domains bacteria and archaea, DNA is in the nucleoid region, generally smaller in size than eukaryotes, lack internal membrane-bound organelles |
| what composes a eukaryote? (3) | protists, fungi, animals, and plants; DNA is in the nucleus; contain membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalize cellular functions |
| what are organelles? (1) what are the two classifications? (2) | membrane-bound structures in eukaryotes; endomembrane system and energy organelles |
| what is the endomembrane system? (1) | organelles and subcellular components that interact (directly or via vesicles) to modify, package, and transport polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids in the cell |
| what do energy organelles do? (1) | convert energy to forms that cells can use for work |
| what are 6 parts of the endomembrane system? (6) | nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi conplex, lysosomes, vesicles/vacuoles, plasma membrane |
| what are 2 energy organelles? (2) | mitochondria, chloroplasts |
| what is compartmentalization? (3) | eukaryotic membranes & membrane-bound organelles allow for diff metabolic processes & enzymatic reactions to occur in diff locations; increases surface areas for reactions to occur, prevents interfering reactions from occurring in the same location |
| what is a note about prokaryotic cells relating to compartmentalization? (1) ex. (1) | even though prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, they have internal regions with specialized structures and functions; proteins involved in motility and cell division can be localized to carry out their specific function |
| unique cell components for plants (4) | chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata |
| unique cell components for animals (3) | lysosomes, centrosomes, flagella |
| nucleus - nuclear envelope (3) | nucleus contains genetic material, nuclear envelope has a double membrane and pores; continuous with ER membrane |
| nucleus - nucleolus -- (what is synthesized (1) what (1) is combined with what (1) to form what (1) what happens to those creations? (2) | dense region of nucleus where rRNA is synthesized; rRNA is combined with proteins to form large/small subunits of ribosomes; subunits exit via nuclear pores; assemble into ribosomes |
| ribosomes - composed of what (2) main function (1) what can it do in the nucleolus? (1) where can they be found? (1, 2) define those locations. (1, 2) | RNA + protein, synthesize proteins; translate messages found on mRNA into primary structure of polypeptides; cytosol (proteins [enzymes] produced here function here); bound to ER or nuclear envelope (proteins can be secreted from cell, transport vesicles) |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - what is it? (1) main functions (2) two types (2) | a network of membranous sacs (cisternae) and tubules; provides mechanical support by helping cells maintain shape, intracellular transport; two types: rough and smooth |
| Rough ER (2) v. Smooth ER (3) | contains ribosomes bound to the ER membrane, compartmentalizes protein synthesis ; no ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell |
| Golgi Complex - contains what? (1) what does it do to those? (1) what is its directionality [faces] (2) define them. (1, 1) | lattened membranous sacs (cisternae); separate the sacs from cytosol; cis face - receives vesicles from ER; trans face - sends vesicles back out into the cytosol to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion |
| Golgi Complex - functions (5) | receives transport vesicles with materials from ER; correctly folds and chemically modifies newly formed cellular products; sorts the materials; adds molecular tags; packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit the membrane via exocytosis |
| Lysosomes - what is it? (1) functions (3) | membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells; hydrolyzes (digests) macromolecules; autophagy; role in apoptosis |
| Lysosomes - autophagy (2) v. apoptosis (4) | lysosomes can recycle their own cell's organic materials/organelles that aren't functioning properly, allows the cell to renew itself; programmed cell death, membrane becomes permeable, releases enzymes into cytoplasm, breaks down cellular components |
| Peroxisomes - what is it? (1) functions (3) | membrane bound metabolic compartment (not in endomembrane system); break down fatty acid molecules, synthesize certain phospholipids, detoxify compounds |
| Vacuoles - what are they? (1) type of transport (1) two organisms (2) | vesicles that stem from the ER and Golgi; selective in transport; in animal cells and plant cells |
| Vacuoles - Animals (3) v. Plants (4) | small in size = more per cell, assist in endo/exocytosis processes, store cellular materials; large in size, stores nutrients in water, important for turgor pressure, can function like lysosomes |
| Mitochondria - what takes place in it? (1) what is it's structure? (1) what membranes (2 - 1, 2) | site of cellular respiration; structure of the double membrane; outer membrane is smooth, but inner membrane has many folds (cristae); inner membrane divides the mitochondria into two internal compartments and increases the surface area |
| Mitochondria - Inter-membrane (1) v Mitochondrial Matrix (2) what does the mitochondrial matrix contain? (3-4) | space between inner and outer membrane; enclosed by inner membrane, location for Krebs Cycle, contains enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP, contains mitochondrial DNA, and contains ribosomes |
| Mitochondria - Metabolic Activity - what correlates to high metabolic activity (1-2) ex. (1) | the number of mitochondria in a cell correlates with metabolic activity, cells with high metabolic activity have more mitochondria; ex. of high - cells that move/contract |
| Chloroplast - what is it (2) contains what (1) what membrane does it have? (1) thylakoids (1) and grana (1) | specialized organelles in plants and photosynthetic algae; site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll; double membrane that has thylakoids - membranous sacs that can organize into stacks called grana (light dependent reactions occur) |
| Chloroplast - stoma is what? (1) location for what (1) contains what (3) | fluid around thylakoids; location for Calvin Cycle; contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, enzymes |
| Endosymbiont Theory - explains similarities between what two energy organelles? (2) explain the process. (3) | similarities of mitochondria and chloroplasts have to prokaryotes; M + C evolved from once-living prokaryotes via endosymbiosis (engulfed by ancestral eukaryotes); prokaryotes --> endosymbiont (cell living in another cell), became one functional organism |
| Endosymbiont Theory - What evidence supports the Endosymbiont Theory? | double membrane, ribosomes, circular DNA, capable of functioning independently |
| Cytoskeleton - what is it (1) main functions (3) explain the movement function. (1) | a network of fibers throughout cytoplasm; give structural and mechanical support; anchor organelles, allow for movement of vesicles and organelles and/or the whole cell --> movement occurs when the cytoskeleton interacts w motor proteins |
| Cytoskeleton - what are the types of fibers found in the cytoskeleton? (3) | microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments |
| Cytoskeleton - Mictrotubules - thickness (1) animal cells (1) functions (3) | thickest filaments; grow to centrosome in animal cells; serve as structural support for movement of organelles interacting with motor proteins; assist in movement of chromosomes during cell division; cell motility (cilia, flagella) |
| Cytoskeleton - Microfilaments - thickness, made of what (1, 1) functions (3) | thin solid rods made of the protein actin; maintain cell shape (bear tension); assist in muscle contraction and cell motility; division of animal cells |
| Cytoskeleton - Intermediate Filaments - what are they? (2) functions (3) | fibrous proteins made up of varying subunits, permanent structural elements of cells; maintains cell shape, anchor nucleus and organelles; form the nuclear lamina which lines the nuclear envelope |
Created by:
i.lundin