Question 1

Cumulative exposure

Accepted Answer

This is a summation of all the exposures
that have been undergone by an
organism during a specified period
of time.

Question 2

Cytotoxic

Accepted Answer

These are agents which are toxic to cells.

Question 3

Dermatitis

Accepted Answer

This is an inflammatory response of the
skin and is characterised by symptoms
which include redness, pain and
itchiness.

Question 4

Developmental toxicology

Accepted Answer

This studies the effects on the normal
developmental process of the offspring
from the time it is in the mother’s womb
until postnatal development.

Question 5

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Accepted Answer

This is the level of exposure (measured
as a dose) above which humans should
not be exposed. It is derived by the
evaluation of all available hazard data
for the substance in question and the
relevant Noaels or Loaels.

Question 6

Dominant lethal assay

Accepted Answer

This provides an indication of chemicals
which can cause embryonic or foetal
death; mainly as a result of causing
structural/numerical chromosomal
abnormalities in the germ cells.

Question 7

Dose

Accepted Answer

This is defined as the amount of
substance (that comes in contact
with the organism) per unit weight of
organism. It is a measure of exposure.

Question 8

Dose-response curves

Accepted Answer

graphical representations of the relationship between the response (expressed as severity of measured response or proportion of the test population responding) being measured & administered dose in toxicological studies such as repeated dose tox studies

Question 9

Elimination/excretion

Accepted Answer

The removal of a chemical from the
body. This occurs mostly via exhalation
of air, or in the urine or faeces.

Question 10

Endocrine active substances

Accepted Answer

These are any chemicals which can
interact directly or indirectly with the
endocrine system, and subsequently
result in an effect on the endocrine
system, target organs and tissues.

Question 11

Endocrine disruptor

Accepted Answer

An endocrine disruptor is an exogenous
substance or mixture that alters
functions of the endocrine system and
consequently can cause adverse health
effects in an intact organism or its
progeny or (sub)populations

Question 12

End point

Accepted Answer

This is a measurable/observable
intrinsic toxicological effect related to
the chemical in question. For example
carcinogenicity, irritation potential,
sensitising effects are all examples
of toxicological endpoints.

Question 13

Epidemiology

Accepted Answer

This is the study of the incidence and
distribution of disease in populations.

Question 14

Exposure

Accepted Answer

This is essentially “contact” with a
chemical and the most common routes
are inhalation, skin contact and also
by oral ingestion.

Question 15

Exposure scenarios

Accepted Answer

These detail the conditions under
which a chemical may be safely used
for an identified activity. They provide
information on properties, operational
conditions of use and appropriate risk
management measures.

Question 16

Ex vivo

Accepted Answer

This is Latin for “Out of the living.”
That is, studies where living cells/tissues
or even organs, etc. are removed from
a living organism and then used in a
toxicity study to determine the effects
of chemical exposure.

Question 17

Eye irritant

Accepted Answer

This is a chemical which gives rise to “The production of changes in the eye after test to surface of the eye, which are gone 21 days.” An eye corrosive as “the production of tissue damage in the
eye, or serious physical decay of vision, no gone 21 days

Question 18

Fertility

Accepted Answer

This is the ability to successfully
conceive and produce offspring.

Question 19

First pass metabolism (effect)

Accepted Answer

This is where the concentration of the
absorbed chemical is greatly reduced (as
a result of metabolism), prior to entering
the general circulation. It is effectively
a form of elimination.

Question 20

Gavage

Accepted Answer

This is a form of oral dosing where the
chemical substance is introduced into
the stomach by means of a tube.

Question 21

Genotoxic

Accepted Answer

This relates to chemicals that cause
hereditary mutations as a result of
directly interacting with the DNA.

Question 22

Genotoxic carcinogens

Accepted Answer

These are chemicals which are able
to cause cancer as a result of directly
interacting with DNA.

Question 23

Hapten

Accepted Answer

This is a small chemical molecule which
can only cause an immune response
when attached to a carrier protein
in the body.

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Tox Vocab 2