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Stack #4728200
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed only transformed |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | Energy transfers increase entropy and reduce usable energy |
| Reactants vs Products | Reactants are starting molecules products are molecules formed |
| Energy Releasing Reaction | Reactants have higher potential energy than products |
| Energy Requiring Reaction | Reactants have lower potential energy than products |
| Photosynthesis Energy Type | Energy requiring reaction |
| Cellular Respiration Energy Type | Energy releasing reaction |
| Enzyme Function | Enzymes speed reactions by lowering activation energy |
| Substrate | Molecule an enzyme acts on |
| Active Site | Region of enzyme where substrate binds |
| Enzyme Regulation | Regulatory molecules cofactors and coenzymes adjust enzyme activity |
| ATP Structure | Adenine ribose and three phosphate groups |
| ATP Function | Coenzyme that donates phosphate groups to power reactions |
| ADP | ATP after losing a phosphate group |
| Phosphorylation | Adding a phosphate group to a molecule |
| Metabolic Pathway | Series of enzyme mediated reactions |
| Linear Pathway | Reaction sequence with a clear start and end |
| Cyclic Pathway | Reaction sequence that regenerates its starting molecule |
| Electron Transfer Chain | Series of molecules that pass electrons and release energy for ATP formation |
| Diffusion | Movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
| Concentration Gradient | Difference in concentration that drives diffusion |
| Factors Affecting Diffusion | Temperature gradient size and molecule size |
| Selectively Permeable Membrane | Allows some substances to cross but blocks others |
| Easy Membrane Crossers | Small nonpolar molecules |
| Hard Membrane Crossers | Large polar or charged molecules |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Isotonic Solution | Equal solute no net water movement |
| Hypertonic Solution | Higher solute outside water moves out of cell |
| Hypotonic Solution | Lower solute outside water moves into cell |
| Transport Proteins | Enable movement of substances across membranes |
| Passive Transport | Movement without energy includes diffusion and facilitated diffusion |
| Active Transport | Requires ATP moves substances against concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | Cell takes in materials via vesicles |
| Exocytosis | Cell expels materials via vesicles |
| Phagocytosis | Cell engulfs large particles |
| Photosynthesis Purpose | Uses sunlight CO2 and water to make sugars and oxygen |
| Photosynthesis Equation | CO2 plus H2O plus light yields sugars and O2 |
| Light Dependent Outputs | ATP NADPH and oxygen |
| Light Independent Output | PGAL three carbon sugar |
| Thylakoid Membrane | Location of light dependent reactions |
| Stroma | Location of light independent reactions |
| Stomata | Openings that allow gas exchange |
| Pigment | Molecule that absorbs light |
| Chlorophyll a | Main pigment absorbs violet blue and red wavelengths |
| Photosystem | Protein pigment complex that captures light energy |
| Oxygen Formation | Produced when water splits during light dependent reactions |
| Hydrogen Ion Gradient | Formed by ETC powers ATP synthase |
| NADPH Formation | NADP plus gains electrons and hydrogen |
| ATP Formation Photosynthesis | ATP synthase uses hydrogen gradient electron transfer phosphorylation |
| Carbon Fixation | CO2 attached to RuBP by Rubisco |
| RuBP | Starting molecule of Calvin cycle |
| Rubisco | Enzyme that fixes carbon |
| Calvin Cycle Inputs | ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions |
| Calvin Cycle Type | Cyclic metabolic pathway |
| Aerobic Respiration Equation | C6H12O6 plus O2 yields CO2 H2O and ATP |
| Photosynthesis Respiration Link | Photosynthesis makes glucose and O2 respiration uses them |
| Steps of Aerobic Respiration | Glycolysis Acetyl CoA Formation Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transfer Phosphorylation |
| Glycolysis Location | Cytoplasm |
| Acetyl CoA Formation Location | Mitochondria |
| Citric Acid Cycle Location | Mitochondrial matrix |
| Electron Transfer Phosphorylation Location | Inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Fermentation | Anaerobic ATP pathway without oxygen |
| Aerobic vs Anaerobic ATP | Aerobic respiration produces far more ATP |
| Glycolysis Inputs | Glucose and 2 ATP |
| Glycolysis Outputs | 4 ATP NADH and pyruvate |
| Energy Requiring Step Glycolysis | Initial ATP investment |
| Energy Harvesting Step Glycolysis | ATP and NADH production |
| Acetyl CoA Inputs | Pyruvate and coenzyme A |
| Acetyl CoA Outputs | NADH CO2 and acetyl CoA |
| Citric Acid Cycle Inputs | Acetyl CoA |
| Citric Acid Cycle Outputs | NADH FADH2 ATP and CO2 |
| Why Oxygen Is Required | Final electron acceptor in ETC |
| Role of NADH and FADH2 | Deliver electrons to ETC |
| ATP Formation Respiration | Hydrogen gradient powers ATP synthase |
| ATP Yield | About 32 ATP most from electron transfer phosphorylation |
| Fermentation ATP Formation | ATP from glycolysis NAD plus regenerated |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | Produces ethanol and CO2 |
| Lactate Fermentation | Produces lactate |
| Why Fermentation Needs No Oxygen | ETC not used NAD plus regenerated chemically |
| Commercial Uses Fermentation | Alcohol bread yogurt cheese |
| Muscle Cell Energy Use | Use aerobic respiration switch to lactate fermentation when oxygen is low |
Created by:
Landon02Ham