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GT Oct 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Abolition of Slavery DEF | Movement between 1780 and 1890 against slavery/serfdom bc of moral, Enl, resistance, and economics: slavery violated of natural rights, wasn't needed in industrial and capitalist society. Fueled by the Haitian Revolution/Great Jamaica Revolt (1831). |
| Abolition of Slavery SIG | The Brits abolished slavery in 1833 and used economic and military power to spread it. Slavery was abolished in most of the LatAm by the 1850s, U.S. in 1865, and Brazil in 1888. Enl ideals, economic self-interest, slave resistance worked together. |
| Abolition of Serfdom in Russia (1861) DEF | Tsar Alexander Il's decree freed 23mil serfs driven by fear of rebellion, evidence of economic inefficiency, and moral pressure. Unlike U.S. emancipation, the decree transferred a portion of nobles' land to the peasants. |
| Abolition of Serfdom in Russia (1861) SIG | The end of serfdom gave land but made peasants pay 'redemption dues' for 49 years. With rapid rural population growth, most remained poor - fueling the radical movements that made the Russian Rev of 1917. Legal freedom w/o economic aid produced crisis. |
| Feminism DEF | A movement saying that women have rights equal to those of men. Grew from women's work in reform movements and was different based on context: Brit suffragists, German socialist feminists, colonial women linking rights to edu and religious reform. |
| Feminism SIG | Feminism challenged the assumption in Enl ideals that 'universal rights were for only men. Because it looked different in diff contexts, it illustrates how a single ideological framework makes diverse reform movements depending on local conditions. |
| Great Jamaica Revolt (1831) DEF | A rebellion of approximately 60,000 enslaved people in Jamaica, also called the Baptist War, led by Samuel Sharpe. Beginning as a planned general strike, it escalated into armed uprising before being violently suppressed by British colonial forces. |
| Great Jamaica Revolt (1831) SIG | The revolt horrified British abolitionists and accelerated debate over emancipation — Britain abolished slavery two years later. Enslaved people's own resistance, not just moral or economic argument from above, drove the abolition movement. |
| Maori Nationalism DEF | Movement by Maori people against British colonialism/land loss. It mixed petitions, legal challenges, and conflict. Maori leaders pursued state-building through the Kingitanga (Maori King Movement), making a unified pol structure to negotiate Brits. |
| Maori Nationalism SIG | Colonized peoples actively shaped the terms of colonial encounters rather than simply reacting to imperial impositions - the partial success of negotiation alongside the failure of military resistance illustrates the range of outcomes available. |
| Olympe de Gouges — Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen (1791) DEF | Written by Olympe de Gouges in response to the DOROM, this document said that the French Rev had betrayed women by saying universal rights that applied only to men. She deliberately addressed it to the queen rather than the National Assembly. |
| Olympe de Gouges — Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen (1791) SIG | De Gouges was killed for her writings; an example of a revolution fought in the name of universal liberty suppressing women's political participation, and evidence that the Atlantic revolutions were fundamentally incomplete. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) DEF | Earliest works of feminism, said that women are rational beings entitled to the same education/rights as men. MW said that if reason is the basis of rights, then excluding women from education produces the very weakness used to justify their exclusion. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) SIG | Inspired by de Gouges's Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen and it inspired the Seneca Falls Convention. She showed that Enlightenment ideals, when taken seriously, produced demands their originators never intended to grant. |
| Maternal Feminism DEF | French feminist thought, that argued for women's political rights not on the basis of equality but on their role as mothers. They said that bc women raise the next gen, they have the right and the civic duty to participate in public and political life. |
| Maternal Feminism SIG | Maternal feminism shows that the feminist movement was not ideologically unified - different arguments appealed to different audiences. Traditional social roles could be turned into a basis for expanded rights rather than restriction. |
| Propaganda Movement (1872-1892) DEF | Filipino nationalist movement, led by educated Filipinos who absorbed Enl ideals from Europe. Rather than independence, wanted incorporation into Spain as a province w/ equal rights, advocating through journalism, petitions, and lobbying in Madrid. |
| Propaganda Movement (1872-1892) SIG | Failed but began Philippine nationalism, influencing the Philippine Rev of 1896. It illustrates how colonial education produced leaders who used their colonizers' own intellectual tools - Enlightenment ideals of equality — to challenge colonial rule. |
| Seneca Falls Convention (1848) DEF | The first organized women's rights convention in U.S. history, organized by Stanton and Mott in Seneca Falls. Stanton drafted the 'Declaration of Sentiments,' echoing the DOI to demand full legal and political equality for women. |
| Seneca Falls Convention (1848) SIG | Its deliberate rewriting of the Declaration of Independence shows how revolutionary documents that overpromised on equality generated later movements demanding fulfillment of those promises. |
| Lola Rodriguez de Tio (1843-1924) DEF | Puerto Rican poet who used her writing to advocate for Puerto Rican autonomy/independence from Spain. Wrote lyrics to 'La Borinquena,' PR's national anthem, and was exiled by Spain for her political activities. |
| Lola Rodriguez de Tio (1843-1924) SIG | She represents the use of cultural production as a vehicle for nationalism, and the active role of women in anti-colonial movements. Her multiple exiles illustrate how colonial authorities treated cultural expression as a direct political threat. |
| Nationalism DEF | People sharing a common language, history, culture, or territory constitute a 'nation' are entitled to self-governance. Nationalism was an identity made through shared stories, songs, etc: racial in Germany, assimilationist in U.S., anti-colonial, etc. |
| Nationalism SIG | Nationalism drove the Atl Revs, unified Germany/Italy, fueled anti-colonialsm and reform movements, drove European imperialism, etc. Nationalism is liberating and oppressive depending on who is doing the defining. |
| Ottomanism DEF | Ideology developed by Young Ottomans to strengthen the Ottomans by forging a shared identity beyond religion, ethnicity, and language. All subjects would be equal under a constitutional government blending Western political models with Islamic values. |
| Ottomanism SIG | Failed because non-Turkish groups preferred their own nationalism. As the Ottoman responded to nationalism with a vision of inclusive identity, its failure contributed to the aggressive Turk nationalism of Young Turks and the empire's dissolution. |
| Factory System DEF | Method of mass manufacturing that concentrated production under one roof, w machines, division of labor, and strict schedules. It replaced the putting-out system and incorporated specialization of labor, in which workers performed repeated tasks. |
| Factory System SIG | Made mass production possible by combining machinery, labor, and management. Its harsh conditions produced the labor movement, socialism, and government reforms. Specialization created skills that were replaceable, the basis of industrial conflict. |
| Decline of Asian Manufacturing DEF | Deindustrialization of Asia/ME as cheap Brit goods flooded markets during the 1st Indus Rev; collapse of shipbuilding in the south, iron works in India, and textiles in India and Egypt - industries that had dominated global trade for centuries. |
| Decline of Asian Manufacturing SIG | As Britain industrialized, it displaced industries. India went from being the world's largest textile exporter to a supplier of raw cotton for British mills. This locked regions into raw-material exporting economies; foundation of economic imperialism. |
| First Industrial Revolution DEF | The 1st phase of industrialization, beginning in Britain and spreading across the globe; mechanization of textile production, steam engines, and growth of iron industries, allowing mass production and shifting economies to industrial. |
| First Industrial Revolution SIG | Shifted the balance of power toward West Europe and the U.S., creating the productivity that drove imperialism. Its spread was uneven, with industry in some places and some without; making the inequalities that made imperialism possible and profitable. |
| Fossil Fuels Revolution DEF | The shift, beginning in the 18th century, from wood, water, and wind as primary energy sources to coal and oil, made possible by the invention of the steam engine and later the internal combustion engine. This powered factories, railroads, etc. |
| Fossil Fuels Revolution SIG | Without coal and oil there are no steam engines; without steam engines no mass production or transport. The fossil fuels rev also began the accumulation of greenhouse gases which still affects us — a connection invisible to 19th-century ppl. |
| Railroads and Steamships DEF | Steam-powered transport tech changed the movement of goods in the 19th century. Railroads integrated interiors into national and global economies; steamships dramatically reduced ocean crossing times/costs, making oceanic trade and migration possible |
| Railroads and Steamships SIG | Infrastructure of industrialization/imperialism; moving raw materials to ports, goods to markets, migrants to new continents. W/o them, European powers could not have used or gotten resources from the African and Asian interior. |
| Second Industrial Revolution DEF | Wave of industrialization in the second half of the 19th century on steel, chemicals, electricity, precision machinery, and communication. Led by Germany, U.S., and Britain, it was characterized by closer links between science & industrial application. |
| Second Industrial Revolution SIG | Widened the global power gap between industrialized and non-industrialized societies, providing the military technologies that made the Scramble for Africa/imperialism possible. It shifted economic leadership from Brit to Germany/U.S., setting up WWI. |
| Telegraph DEF | Electrical communication tech that transmitted encoded messages over long distances via wire nearly instantaneously. Submarine telegraph cables connected continents by the 1860s, making real-time global communication possible for the first time. |
| Telegraph SIG | For imperial powers, it meant orders, intelligence, and news could flow instantly, enabling coordination of military, transactions, and administrative control previously impossible. It linked global commodity chains, spreading economic interdependence. |
| Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) DEF | A political rev in Japan in which reformist samurai overthrew the Tokugawa and gave power to Emperor Meiji. The new gov launched state modernization: adopting Western constitutional models while preserving cultural identity. |
| Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) SIG | Japan=Only non-Western nation to industrialize in the 19th century. Its strategy, selective borrowing, cultural preservation, constrasts w China's Self-Strengthening Movement and Ottoman Tanzimat, creating diff outcomes from similar starting positions. |
| Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805-1848) DEF | Ottoman governor of Egypt who built a de facto independent dynasty after the French. Ended Mamluk power, made cotton Egypt's export crop, made state factories making textiles, and improved the military; sent Egyptians to study in Europe. |
| Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805-1848) SIG | Tried top-down modernization w/ Euro models w/o becoming a Euro colony. He failed because it depended on cotton revenue: which collapsed w/ demand - showing the weakness of export economies. He cleared the path for Egypt's to develop with independence. |
| Zaibatsu DEF | Family-owned conglomerates driving industrialization under Meiji. The major zaibatsu (Mitsubishi, Mitsui, etc) worked in lots of industries, and simultaneously and worked with the state, acquiring gov enterprises sold to stimulate capitalism. |
| Zaibatsu SIG | Shows how Japan mixed private enterprise with gov in a way capitalist Britain nor Russia attempted. Their dominance made industrial growth but concentrated economic power, creating elites that shaped Japan's aggressive foreign policy in the 20th century. |
| Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895) DEF | Program of selective modernization launched by Qing officials after defeats and unequal treaties with West. Focused on building Western-style arsenals, shipyards, and military academies while preserving Confucian social and political structures. |
| Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895) SIG | Failed bc elite class resisted change, and bc military modernization w/o socioeconomic change left China weak. China's defeat by Japan showed limit of superficial reform. The contrast with Japan's Meiji Restoration (opposite outcomes) is the comparison. |
| Tanzimat (1839-1876) DEF | Modernizing reforms in Ottoman, carried out by officials & pushed to the constitutional government by the Young Ottomans. Equality for subjects w/o of belief, had Western law, infrastrcture, and gave women reforms. Short Ottoman constitution in 1876. |
| Tanzimat (1839-1876) SIG | Religious equality was revolu in an Islamic empire, but sped up nationalism in non-turk ppl who could now separate identities. Hamid Il stopped the constitution in 1878, started despotism, and claimed the role of Islamic caliph to legitimize uathoriy. |
| Unequal Treaties DEF | Agreements on China by Western powers following military defeats, giving foreign ppl privileges: exempt from Chinese law; trade, travel/own property, preach Christianity. Treaty of Nanjing (1842) ending the First Opium War was the first and most imp. |
| Unequal Treaties SIG | Represent the legal strcture of imperialism - giving foreign powers the ability to extract without colonizing China. Drove Chinese nationalism/humiliation, inspiring the SSM and the Boxer Rebellion and Chinese Rev of 1911. Cross-reference: 6.5. |
Created by:
vasundhara.varadarajan