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bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| macro nutrients | O, C, H, P, S, K, Ca, Mg |
| soil cation exchange equation | H2O+CO2---> H2CO3 + HCO3 + H+ |
| usable by plants | NH4+, NO3- |
| Ammonifying bacteria | extract NH4+ from decaying organic matter |
| nitrifying bacteria | convert NH4+ into NO3- |
| nitrogen fixing bacteria | convert N2 gas into NH4+ |
| rhizobia bacteria | live in nodules, N fixing. plant provides sugar and shelter |
| Mycorrhizal fungi | Fungi wrap around roots, Increase water and nutrient absorption capabilities. Plant supplies fungi with carbohydrates formed from photosynthesis |
| Epiphytes | Grow on other plants but don’t parasitize them |
| xylem | tubes that transport water and minerals upward from roots into the shoots. |
| xylem contains | vessel elements and tracheids INSIDE |
| phloem | Moves organic nutrients (sugars) from where they are made (or stored) to where needed OUTSIDE |
| phloem contains | sieve tube elements, companion cells |
| pith | internal to vascular tissue |
| cortex | external to vascular tissue |
| Auxin | stimulates growth via cell elongation |
| Cytokinins | stimulates growth via cell division and branching |
| Gibberillins | stimulates growth via cell division and elongation |
| Abscisic Acid (ABA) | inhibits growth (antagonistic to the ones above) |
| Ethylene | steers growth around obstacles, ripens fruit. |
| Eudicot | Vascular bundles form a ring |
| Monocot | Vascular bundles scattered |
| vascular cambium | Creates secondary xylem and phloem |
| cork cambium | Produces thick cells to the outside • Creates protective layer of waxy cells. • This is what make the “growth rings” of trees. |
| Symplast | the cytoplasmic continuum |
| Apoplast | the continuum of cell walls and extracellular space |
| Apoplastic route | through web of the cell wall |
| Symplastic route | cell-plasmodesmata-cell-plasmodesmata-cell-etc.. |
| Transmembrane route | out one cell, across a cell wall, and into another cell |
| Cohesion | attraction to each other |
| Adhesion | attraction to other substance |
| Photoreceptors= | pigments / molecules that absorbs specific wavelengths (colors) of light. |
| Roots show ------- gravitropism | positive |
| Stems show ------- gravitropism | negative |
| statoliths | DETECT GRAVITY specialized plastids full of starch (heavy granules) |
| Thigmomorphogenesis | Plants under persistent physical stress may take on long term changes in form. • wind • rain • contact with animals |
| Cotyledons | help supply the nutrition a plant embryo |
| Stamen | male structures |
| Anther | where pollen is made |
| Filament | holds anther up high |
| Carpel | female structures |
| Stigma | landing pad for pollen |
| Style | tube leading to ovary |
| Ovary | produce ovules |
| Microsporangium are ------- | pollen sacs |
| megasporangium makes ------ | 1 megaspore |
| Simple fruits | flower has a single carpel |
| Aggregate fruits | flower has many separate carpels in just one flower |
| Multiple fruits | formed rom fusion of many carpels from many different flowers |
| Pome/ accessory fruit | Seeds enclosed in a core made from the ovary. Bulk of fruit develops from non-ovary tissue |
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