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R and V (Ch. 4)
Ch. 4: Reliabilty and Validity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| any factor or attribute that can asume two or more values | variable |
| unchanging value | constant |
| relatd to amounts and numbers | quantitative variable |
| related to types or categories | qualitative variable |
| usually whole numbers with specific values | discrete variable |
| can include decimal points and infinite possibilities within a range | continuous variable |
| presumed causal factor in a cause-effect relation between two variables; in an experiment, it is a factor that the researcher manipulates or systematically varies | independent variable |
| presumed effect in a cause-effect relation between two variables; in an experiment, it is the behavior or outcome that the researcher measures to determine whether the IV has produced an effect | dependent variable |
| a characteristic that differs across environments or stimuli | situational variable |
| a personal characteristic taht differs across individuals | subject variable |
| underlying, hypothetical characteristics or processes that are not directly observed but instead are inferred from measurable behaviors or outcomes | constructs |
| provides a causal link in the sequence between an IV and DV | mediator variable |
| a factor that alters the strength or direction of the relation between an IV and DV | moderate variable |
| defining a variable in terms of the procedure used to measure or manipulate it; define an abstract concept or theoretical construct in a way that allows it to be measured and observed | operational definition |
| the process of systematically assigning values to represent attributes of organisms, objects, or events | measurement |
| rules for assigning scale values to measurements | scales of measurement |
| the scale values represent only qualitative differences/types of the attribute of interest (names and labels) | nominal scales |
| the different scale values represent relative differences in the amount of some attribute (ordering) | ordical scales |
| when equal distances between values on the scale reflect equal differences in teh amoutn of the attribute being measured | interval scales |
| when equal distances between values on the scale reflect equal differences in the amount of the attribute being measured and has a true zero | ratio scales |
| represents the degree to which the measure yields results that agree with a known standard | accuracy |
| a constant amount of error that occurs with each measurement | systematic error/bias |
| the consistency/repeatability of a measurement; degree to which something is free from error | reliability |
| random fluctuations in the measuring situation that cause the obtained scores to deviate from a true score | random measurement error |
| if you take the survey and take it again, are your answers reliable or consistent? | test-retest reliability |
| is it reliable and consistent to itself? Are the items in a survey consistent with each other and correlate well? | Internal consistency reliability |
| when looking more at the reliability of the researcher; how consistent are the researchers with each other | Inter-rater reliability |
| Reflects what it is intended to measure | validity |
| taken at face value, seems to make sense or be relevant to the topic, common sense opinion | face validity |
| we have this hypothetical construct and our measurement. How much do they overlap over each other; when a measure truly assesses the construct that is is claimed to access | Construct validity |
| expectations should match content; our measure should contain 4 components about the topic | content validity |
| scores should be similar to other scores (extraversion and people’s levels of sociability and friendliness); conceptually similar; scores on a measure should correlate highly with scores on other measures of teh same construct | Convergent validity |
| scores should be different than other scores and not related to each other; conceptually different; scores hsoudl not correlate too strongly with scores on measures of other constructs | Discriminant/divergent validity |
| predicting the outcome or behavior | criterion validity |
| when a measure recorded at one time predicts a criterion that occurs in the future; future behavior | Predictive validity |
| predicts a criterion, and the measure and criterion have been assessed at the same time; present behavior | Concurrent validity |
Created by:
alumesi