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Human Geo 2 part 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Spatial interaction | the flow, movement, and exchange of people, goods, money, ideas, and information between different locations across geographic space |
| Distance | amount of separation between features across space |
| Distance Processes | Time distance Economic cost distance Cognitive distance Social distance |
| Time distance | travel time |
| (Economic) Cost Distance | navigating distance usually incurs an economic cost |
| Cognitive distance | perceived distance between objects we see, and judgements about separation of objects not directly seen |
| Social Distance | sense of connectedness and level of interaction between individuals (microscopic scale) or groups (macroscopic scale) |
| Challenge of Distance | physical, straight-line measurements fail to capture the subjective, economic, and technological realities of human movement and interaction |
| Friction of Distance | because of challenges, distance can have a negative effect on interaction and movement between places |
| Distance Decay | because of the friction of distance, interaction is higher between locations that are closer together than it is for locations that are further apart |
| Distance Decay Examples/Models | International Trade Shopping and Services Urban Influence |
| Gravity Model | predicts or estimates the amount of spatial interaction between places based on the size of the places and the distance between them |
| Market Area | Range Threshold |
| Range and Threshold | how far customers are willing to travel to get to a business how many customers are needed, at a minimum, for a business to survive |
| Market Area Analysis | Determine profitability of a location Compute the range Compute the threshold Draw the market area Determine if market area is likely to supply the needed threshold |
| Elements of Diffusion | The innovation Interested adopters Innovators Early adopters Early majority Late majority Laggards |
| Spatial Diffusion | the process by which phenomena—such as people, ideas, cultural traits, innovations, or diseases—spread from a point of origin, known as a cultural hearth, across space and through time |
| Origin (Hearth) | a location of innovation |
| Expansion (Contagious/Hierarchical/Stimulus) Diffusion | Contagious diffusion - spread of an innovation to adjacent places Hierarchical (Cascade) Diffusion - spread of an innovation between highly connected places Stimulus diffusion - the need for an innovation diffuses rather than the innovation itself |
| Relocation Diffusion | the spread of cultural traits, ideas, or practices when people physically move from one location to another and bring their habits with them. |
| Glocalization | the process by which economies, cultures, and political systems become connected and interdependent across the entire world |
| Tobler's "First Law of Geography" | "everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things" |
| Region | areas of related places |
| Formal/Functional/Vernacular Region | a region characterized by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more features of activities functional integration of a set of places into a spatial system a region that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity |
| Regionalism | the mobilization and loyalty around cultural, economic, and political sub-national divisions that give meaning to a distinct geographic area |
| TimeSpace-Adjusting Technology | transportation and communication innovations that reduce the time, cost, and effort of moving between places, effectively shrinking relative distance without changing absolute physical distance |
| TimeSpace Convergence | the reduction in the time it takes to travel, communicate, or move goods between different places due to advancements in technology |
| Globalization | the process by which economies, cultures, and political systems become connected and interdependent across the entire world |
| Geographic Scale | the hierarchical level—ranging from local to global—at which investigators examine spatial patterns, human activities, and environmental processes |
Created by:
bredoce25