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Stack #4728047
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| problem of time | Human social phenomena are inherently historical, meaning social scientists cannot rerun history to control for variables in a laboratory setting |
| problem of bias | The difficulty of separating 'facts' from 'values,' as social scientists often favor specific normative outcomes (such as democracy over authoritarianism) |
| problem of reflexivity | Human subjects react to and care about social scientific labels, allowing theories and concepts to actively alter human behavior and political outcomes. |
| The Asch conformity experiment | What social psychological experiment demonstrated that individual decision-making and 'free will' are constrained by institutional rules and peer pressure? |
| What was the central finding of Seymour Martin Lipset's 1960 work, Political Man? | Economically wealthy countries are systematically more likely to be democratic |
| endogeneity problem | A situation where reverse causality exists—meaning variable Y may actually cause variable X, rather than X causing Y |
| omitted variable bias | An error that occurs when an unmeasured third variable causes changes in both the independent variable (X) and dependent variable (Y), creating a spurious correlation |
| what is the relationship between conceptual 'extension' and 'intension' at the highest level of abstraction? | High extension (applies to many global cases) and minimal intension (very few defining attributes), such as the concept of 'states'. It stops researchers from broadening a definition so much that it loses its meaning |
| Which social science theory combines an individual unit of analysis with strategic motivation | Rational Choice Theory / Economics |
| Which social science theory combines a collective unit of analysis with strategic motivation | Marxism |
| Which social science theory combines an individual unit of analysis with expressive motivation | Weberian Theory |
| Which social science theory combines a collective unit of analysis with expressive motivation | Modernization Theory |
| what spiritual force drives human historical development | Geist |
| What are the three stages in Hegel's dialectical timeline of history | Morality (Thesis) Civil Society (Antithesis) The State (Synthesis) |
| What primary motor drives all human history according to Karl Marx's materialist conception of history | Class struggle over economic resources |
| What are the five sequential stages of history in Marx's historical framework? | Primitive Communism Slavery Feudalism Capitalism Communism |
| Morality (Thesis) | The initial stage, representing individual moral consciousness and personal ethical obligations |
| Civil Society (Antithesis) | The opposing stage, representing the sphere of private interest, economic interactions, and individual pursuits where individuals come into contact and conflict with one another |
| The State (Synthesis) | The final stage, which synthesizes morality and individual freedom into a higher political community |
| Primitive Communism | The early hunter-gatherer stage of human society where resources were shared collectively, prior to the rise of private property or formal social class divisions |
| Slavery | The first class-divided mode of production, characterized by the conflict between Slaveowners (the ruling class) and Slaves (the laboring class) |
| Feudalism | The agrarian stage of society, driven by class tension between the landed Aristocracy (the ruling class) and agrarian Peasants (the laboring class) |
| Capitalism | The industrial stage, defined by the Bourgeoisie (capitalists who own the means of production) exploiting the Proletariat (wage laborers who produce surplus value) |
| Communism | The final stage, achieved through a global proletarian revolution Because this revolution unites the vast majority of humanity, it eliminates economic class divisions altogether, resulting in the transcendence of history |
| Class Struggle as the Motor | At each historical stage (except Primitive Communism and Communism), social structure is defined by an oppressive ruling class opposing a laboring class |
| Capitalism as Penultimate | While modernization theory views modern industrial society as the ultimate end goal of human progress, Marxist theory views capitalism as merely a temporary, penultimate stage before global communism |
| Praxis Over Passive Observation | philosophy and social science must not remain passive or purely analytical; instead, theory must merge with action (praxis) to actively transform material social and economic structures |
| In Capital Vol. I, how does Marx define 'surplus value' under capitalism? | The gap between the low wages paid to workers and the much higher economic value that their labor generates |
| Why did Marx view European capitalist imperialism as historically 'progressive,' despite its brutal exploitation | Because imperialism destroyed stagnant feudalism, local traditions, and religions, thereby creating the modern global proletariat needed for revolution |
| What historical outcome created a major empirical 'puzzle' for classical Marxist theory after 1917 | Proletarian revolutions succeeded in agrarian countries (like Russia and China) rather than advanced industrial capitalist nations |
| faction of the Second International, advocated for | revolutionary waiting |
| Rightist faction | advocating for democratic reforms through 'evolutionary' Social Democracy |
| According to Theda Skocpol (1979), social revolutions result from the conjuncture of which three structural factors | Fiscal crisis of the state International pressure Peasant uprisings from below |
| How does Talcott Parsons's social evolutionary theory differ fundamentally from Charles Darwin's biological evolution | Parsons's theory is teleological and directional (predicting linear progress toward modern industrial society), whereas Darwin's model is non-directional branching |
| In Emile Durkheim's sociological theory, how does social solidarity transform as societies industrialize | Social cohesion shifts from 'mechanical solidarity' (traditional agrarian similarity) to 'organic solidarity' (modern industrial division of labor) |
| Why was Parsonian modernization theory heavily criticized by comparativists in the late 1970s and 1980s | It was criticized for being ethnocentric, overly general, and teleological (presuming Western democratic capitalism was the ultimate end goal of history) |
| How do Marxism and Modernization Theory view 'revolution' differently | Marxism embraces proletarian revolution as the essential engine of historical advancement; Modernization theory views revolution as a symptom of incomplete modernization. |
| In Rational Choice Theory, what does it mean to assume that individuals are 'utility-maximizers' | It assumes individuals prefer more of what they value (e.g., money, power) over less, and possess transitive preferences. |
| Praxis Over Passive Observation | philosophy and social science must not remain passive or purely analytical; instead, theory must merge with action (praxis) to actively transform material social and economic structures |
| In Capital Vol. I, how does Marx define 'surplus value' under capitalism? | The gap between the low wages paid to workers and the much higher economic value that their labor generates |
| Why did Marx view European capitalist imperialism as historically 'progressive,' despite its brutal exploitation | Because imperialism destroyed stagnant feudalism, local traditions, and religions, thereby creating the modern global proletariat needed for revolution |
| What historical outcome created a major empirical 'puzzle' for classical Marxist theory after 1917 | Proletarian revolutions succeeded in agrarian countries (like Russia and China) rather than advanced industrial capitalist nations |
| faction of the Second International, advocated for | revolutionary waiting |
| Rightist faction | advocating for democratic reforms through 'evolutionary' Social Democracy |
| According to Theda Skocpol (1979), social revolutions result from the conjuncture of which three structural factors | Fiscal crisis of the state International pressure Peasant uprisings from below |
| How does Talcott Parsons's social evolutionary theory differ fundamentally from Charles Darwin's biological evolution | Parsons's theory is teleological and directional (predicting linear progress toward modern industrial society), whereas Darwin's model is non-directional branching |
| In Emile Durkheim's sociological theory, how does social solidarity transform as societies industrialize | Social cohesion shifts from 'mechanical solidarity' (traditional agrarian similarity) to 'organic solidarity' (modern industrial division of labor) |
| Why was Parsonian modernization theory heavily criticized by comparativists in the late 1970s and 1980s | It was criticized for being ethnocentric, overly general, and teleological (presuming Western democratic capitalism was the ultimate end goal of history) |
| How do Marxism and Modernization Theory view 'revolution' differently | Marxism embraces proletarian revolution as the essential engine of historical advancement; Modernization theory views revolution as a symptom of incomplete modernization. |
| In Rational Choice Theory, what does it mean to assume that individuals are 'utility-maximizers' | It assumes individuals prefer more of what they value (e.g., money, power) over less, and possess transitive preferences. |
| Praxis Over Passive Observation | philosophy and social science must not remain passive or purely analytical; instead, theory must merge with action (praxis) to actively transform material social and economic structures |
| In Capital Vol. I, how does Marx define 'surplus value' under capitalism? | The gap between the low wages paid to workers and the much higher economic value that their labor generates |
| Why did Marx view European capitalist imperialism as historically 'progressive,' despite its brutal exploitation | Because imperialism destroyed stagnant feudalism, local traditions, and religions, thereby creating the modern global proletariat needed for revolution |
| What historical outcome created a major empirical 'puzzle' for classical Marxist theory after 1917 | Proletarian revolutions succeeded in agrarian countries (like Russia and China) rather than advanced industrial capitalist nations |
| faction of the Second International, advocated for | revolutionary waiting |
| Rightist faction | advocating for democratic reforms through 'evolutionary' Social Democracy |
| According to Theda Skocpol (1979), social revolutions result from the conjuncture of which three structural factors | Fiscal crisis of the state International pressure Peasant uprisings from below |
| How does Talcott Parsons's social evolutionary theory differ fundamentally from Charles Darwin's biological evolution | Parsons's theory is teleological and directional (predicting linear progress toward modern industrial society), whereas Darwin's model is non-directional branching |
| In Emile Durkheim's sociological theory, how does social solidarity transform as societies industrialize | Social cohesion shifts from 'mechanical solidarity' (traditional agrarian similarity) to 'organic solidarity' (modern industrial division of labor) |
| Why was Parsonian modernization theory heavily criticized by comparativists in the late 1970s and 1980s | It was criticized for being ethnocentric, overly general, and teleological (presuming Western democratic capitalism was the ultimate end goal of history) |
| How do Marxism and Modernization Theory view 'revolution' differently | Marxism embraces proletarian revolution as the essential engine of historical advancement; Modernization theory views revolution as a symptom of incomplete modernization. |
| In Rational Choice Theory, what does it mean to assume that individuals are 'utility-maximizers' | It assumes individuals prefer more of what they value (e.g., money, power) over less, and possess transitive preferences. |
| How does Adam Smith explain social cooperation in The Wealth of Nations (1776) | Cooperation occurs not from benevolence, but from self-interested individuals bargaining to maximize their own advantage |
| What is Mancur Olson's policy prescription for overriding interest group sclerosis in stable political systems | Free trade, because global market competition outmaneuvers entrenched domestic rent-seeking lobbies |
| Impersonal Bureaucracy | Moving away from patrimonial rule or personal loyalties, modern states require merit-based administrative systems governed by explicit, impersonal rules and clear jurisdictional duties |
| Money and Markets | Traditional systems relying on feudal obligation or barter are replaced by abstract monetary media and market exchanges, enabling vast economic specialization and complex divisions of labor |
| impersonal Legal Systems | Arbitrary royal decrees or tradition-bound customs give way to generalized legal codes that apply universally to all citizens, protecting contracts and individual rights regardless of social standing |
| What was the modernization theory explanation for civil war onset | Deep-seated cultural grievances, ethnic diversity, and festering ethnic hatreds |
| What is the central finding of Fearon and Laitin's 2003 APSR study regarding ethnic diversity and civil war onset | Greater ethnic or religious diversity has no statistically significant impact on the likelihood of civil war onset |
| According to Fearon and Laitin, what structural condition primary causes civil wars | Insurgencies flourishing against financially weak, capacity-constrained states |
| From a rational choice perspective, why do individuals join rebel insurgencies according to Fearon and Laitin | When poverty is high and GDP per capita is low, rebel recruit salaries offer an attractive alternative to low economic prospects |
| Why does mountainous terrain statistically correlate with civil war onset in Fearon and Laitin's model | Rough, mountainous terrain provides safe havens for insurgents and makes state counterinsurgency intervention extremely costly |
Created by:
Zariii