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RA Mid Term
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 2 foreigners on Italian peninsula | Greeks and Phoenicians |
| Greeks | moved west to occupy the southern reigion of Italy because it was close; lots of evidence of Greek structures/architecture south of Naples |
| Phoenicians | Pheonicia corresponds to modern day Syria and Lebanon; Romans gave them the name Punici |
| 4 native Italian civilization | Samnites, Sabines, Latins, Etruscans |
| Samnites | Mountain dwellers in south central Appenines; located by the sea for trade and commerce; Pompeii has Samnite origin |
| Sabines | Mountains east of River Tiber; abduction of the Sabine women |
| Latins | Plain of central Italy btwn Tiber and Alban Hills; 3 main cities (Alba, Lavinium, Antium |
| Etruscans | 1st urban civilization, indigenous but very influenced by other cultures (Orient, Greek) |
| Etruscan geographical area | central Italy; bound by Tyrrenean Sea to the west, River Arno to the North, the Appennines to the East, and the River Tiber to the South |
| Etruscan period of development | early Iron Age (9th century BC) to Roman Conquest (1st Century BC); Villanovan culture |
| Etruscan language | non-indoeuropean language; used the Greek alphabet |
| how many proposed origin stories of the Etruscans were there? | 3 |
| Oriental origin | Herodotus; mid 5th century BC; said Etruscans migrated from eastern Mediterranean (Asia Minor = coasts of modern Turkey) |
| Indigenous origin | Dionysius and Halicarnassus; 1st century BC; transition from Iron Age Villanovan settlements to Etruscans cities = seamless (same land, burial styles, material culture) |
| Northern European origin | based on misreadings of Roman writers like Livy; said Etruscans were people coming from northern European - north t of the Alps, moved down from central Europe or the Balkans |
| What is the most accredited origin theory? | Indigenous, but very much influenced by other cultures like Orient and Greek |
| Who is Aeneas + what did he do? | who: only one of the Trojan family to sruvive the war what: founded Lavinium and brought legacy of Troy to Roman world |
| Ascanius-iulus | son of Aeneas (iulus later dropped); founder of Alba Longa |
| Numitor | King #1 of Alba Longa; brother to Amulius |
| Amulius | King #2 of Alba Longa; brother to Numitor |
| Rhea Silvia | daughter of Numitor; forced to become Vestal Virgin by Amulius |
| Mars | Roman god of war; impregnates Rhea Silvia |
| Romulus and Remus | twin sons of Rhea Silvia and Mars; demigods |
| Palatine Hill is settled by ____ | Romulus |
| Aventine Hill is settled by ____ | Remus |
| How many vultures did Remus receive and when did he receive them? | 6; first |
| How many vultures did Romulus receive and when did he receive them? | 12; shortly after Remus |
| What does the Abduction of the Sabines myth by Livy tell us? | more about how Rome was founded |
| Period of the monarchy: dates | 753-509 BC |
| Romulus: # king, dates, from ___, and main contributions | 1st king; 753-710 BC; from Alba Longa, laid foundation and early political institutions (increased population, abduction of Sabine women) |
| Servius Tullius: # king, dates, from ___, and main contributions | 6th king; 570-530 BC; Latin; reorganization of citizenry (cenus, classes based on status/wealth/age) |
| Tarquinius Superbus: # king, dates, from ___, and main contributions | 7th king; 530-500 BC; Etruscan; monumental development of city; Livy paints as autocratic tyrant |
| Polytheistic religion | worships multiple gods |
| Roman religion was based on... | sacrifices to these gods |
| State religion | church and state are intertwined rather than separated |
| Role of priests in state religion | officers of the state; priesthood = political office |
| Religious rites | cocnept of moral behavior is irrelevant; gods will listen to you if you perform rites in correct manner |
| Capitoline triad | 3 supreme gods worshipped in ancient Rome: Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva |
| Jupiter | Zeus; chief of all Gods; married to Juno; patron god of Rome |
| Juno | Hera; wife of Jupiter; queen of gods; protector of marriage |
| Minerva | Athena; goddess of war/strategy & wisdome/intelligence; born from Zeus' forhead |
| Capitolium | main temple dedicated to Capitoline Triad |
| Venus / Aphrodite (3) | italian fertility goddess; patron goddess of the Romans; heavily worshipped because she is the mother of Aeneus |
| Nudity is... | the attire of the gods |
| Parthenon | temple dedicated to Athena in Athens, Greece |
| Pantheon | temple dedicated to ALL gods in Rome, Italy |
| Temple definition | house built for specific gods, whose statues were placed inside |
| Temples are ____ in shape | rectangular |
| Temples are built on high platforms known as ____ | podium |
| Cella | rectangular room where the cult statue was held; entrance exclusively for priests |
| Vestal Virgins definition | elite group of 6 full time priestesses who served the goddess Vesta |
| Vesta | Roman diety of the hearth, home, and family in ancient Rome |
| Hearth equation | hearth = fire = living presecence of Vesta = sacred center of life, community, and surivial |
| Vestal Virgin age range when selected | chosen btwn 6 and 10 years old |
| Vestal Virgin term length and phases | 30 year term split into 3 phases (10 years for learning rites, 10 for performing sacred duties, 10 for mentoring novices) |
| Vestal Virgin main duties | guarding Vesta's sacred fire inside Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum |
| The Romans believes the _____ survival protected the city's ______ and ______ | flame's; safety; power |
| Vestal Virgin unique privileges | legal independence; high status |
| Vestal Virgins took a 30 year vow of ____ | celibacy |
| What were the punishments for breaking chasity and letting the sacred fire go out? | chasity broken = buried alive; letting hearth fire go out = severe whipping |
| Why did Amulius force Rhea Silvia to become a Vestal Virgin? | as a preventative measure; he didn't want anyone to challenge his thrown |
| Who rescued and suckled the twins when they washed up on shores of Paletine Hill? | She-wolf (Lupa) |
| What did Romulus and Remus do when they reached adulthood? | overthrew Amulius and restored Numitor to the throne of Alba Longa, then set out to build their own city |
| What did killing his brother show about Romulus? | Romulus’ commitment to protecting Rome and also the ruthlessness he displayed towards his brother |
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