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D. Studies and Stats
RSMI - Descriptive Studies and Stats
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ____ stats summarize data through means, medias, modes, or ranges; they describe a situation or provide context rather than establish cause-and-effect or predicting outcomes | descriptive |
| Descriptive research answers the ______ (name 5) questions that serve as a way to get more detail about an event or to understand attitudes or behaviors | who, what, where, when, why |
| Descriptive research can be used to provide a quick snapshot of the _____ of a phenomemon, or the commonness, or frequency, of a behavior, attitude, characteristic, or condition within a specified time period (risk behaviors or disease) | prevalance |
| the pattern of change in prevalence over time | trend |
| Existing data, originally collected for another purpose | archival studies/secondary data |
| advantages of archival studies/secondary data | peer-reviewed, reliable and accurate; saves time and money; build on previous data (longitudinal); a lot of data |
| disadvantages of archival studies/secondary data | old/outdated information; bias; no data available + different purpose (bias); lack of control (Bias) or specificity for new research objectives |
| ethical concerns of archival studies/secondary data | While using public or de-identified official records (like medical or jail records) is common, it requires IRB approval to navigate issues regarding informed consent and privacy. |
| watching, listening, and noting behaviors; behavior-focused | observational studies |
| Whether the researcher is hidden/disguised or visible to participants. | Covert vs. Overt |
| Whether the behavior occurs in a real-world setting or a structured environment created by the researcher | Naturalistic vs. Contrived |
| Whether the researcher is an active member of the group being studied or merely an outside observer. | Participant vs. Non-participant |
| Provides real-world data but lacks control over variables, such as timing or environmental factors. | Naturalistic Observation |
| Offers more control but may lack ecological validity regarding real-life behavior. | Structured/Contrived Situations: |
| Useful for preventing participant distraction, though it raises significant ethical concerns regarding appropriate implementation. | Covert Observation |
| a method for describing one variable at a time | descriptive statistics |
| involve testing hypotheses and examining relationships between multiple variables. | inferential statistics |
| These tools identify the "central" score in a dataset | central tendency |
| average score (M or X bar) calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number of participants (n). | mean |
| Middle score in an ordered list; cuts the distribution in half | median |
| Most common score/most frequently occuring number in a dataset | mode |
| portrays how often each value of a variable occurs within a set of data; how often? | frequency |
| depicts the proportion or percentage of times that each value occurs within a data set | Relative freq. Distribution |
| portrays the total number of cases at occur at or below (or, at or above) each value in a data set | Cumulative FD |
| depicts the total proportion or percentage of cases that occur at or below (or, at or above) each value in a data set | Relative cumulative frequency distribution |
| how much do the scores vary? | variability/dispersion |
| distance between observed minimum and maximum values | range |
| average of the squared deviations from the mean ; measures how much the scores in a distribution are spread out in relation to their mean | variance |
| square root of the variance; typical amount that each score varies (deviates) from the mean; measures how much the scores in a distribution are spread out in relation to their mean, as expressed in the original units of measurement | standard deviation |
| shape of distribution | skewness |
| a measure of the height or "peakedness" of a distribution relative to a normal curve. | Kurtosis |
| The tail extends toward the negative side, indicating extreme scores on the left. | Negative/Left Skewed |
| The tail extends toward the positive side, indicating extreme scores on the right. | Positive/Right Skewed |
| A negative value representing a flat, spread-out distribution, similar to a plateau. | Platykurtic |
| A positive value representing a tall, concentrated distribution where data is smushed in the middle. | Leptokurtic |
| measures for nomimal data | frequency, percentage, and sometimes mode |
| measures for ordinal data | median, minimum, maximum, and range |
| measures for interval/ration data: normally distributed data versus skewed data w/ or w/out outliers | mean and standard deviation; median and range (treated as ordinal data) |
Created by:
alumesi