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Stack #4727982
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| beta | high speed election that is stopped by clothing, travels close to the speed of light, 100x more penetrating power than alpha, nucleus changes a n to p+ |
| alpha | nucleus tends to clump into stable alpha particles (it's powerfully hurled by electrical repulsion w/ release of gamma raps) - large, 2+ charge (helium atom), stopped by paper or skin, 1/10 speed of light) |
| gamma | high energy photon that is stopped by lead or concrete, 10,000x more penetrating than alpha, travels at the speed of light |
| positron emission | same mass as an e- but the opposite charge (e+), converts a p+ into a 1n, short life (as it collides with an e-, both are annihilated & release gamma energy |
| electron capture | capture by the nucleus of an e- from the e- cloud around the nucleus, converts a p+ into a 1n (p + e- --> 1n) |
| stability? 1-20 | stable, 1:1 p+/n ratio |
| stability? 21-83 | stable, more n needed to provide SNF |
| stability? >83 | unstable/radioactive, not enough SNF to offset the electrical repulsion |
| unstable | nucleus can be unstable if there are too many neutrons or not enough |
| nuclear reaction | involve changes in the nucleus |
| chemical reaction | involve outer e- (calence e-'s) |
| radioactive decay | the process of the spontaneous emission of radiation |
| radionuclides | radioactive nuclei of a specific isotope |
| radioisotops | atoms containing radioactive nuclei, radioactive atoms |
| nuclear stability | nucleus doesn't fly apart because of the 4 basic forces of nature |
| 4 basic forces of nature | strong nuclear forces, electromagnetic, weak nuclear forces, gravitational |
| strong nuclear forces | binding energy for the atom |
| electromagnetic | chemical bonds |
| weak nuclear forces | radioactive decay |
| gravitational | interaction between matter |
| nuclear forces: sma ll atom | SNF slightly > EM, p+ are close together |
| nuclear forces: large atom | SNF < EM slightly, p+ are further apart from each other |
| neutrons | "glue" of the nucleus, no charge but do provide SNF that adds a net attractive force to the nucleus to offset the electrical repulsion |
| "heavy" isotope | has more 1n than it needs |
| "light" isotope | has fewer 1n than it needs |
| magic #'s | 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 |
| bombardement/transmutations | a way scientists make stable atom/nuclei unstable |
| transuranium elements | above atomic #92, artificial, synthetic, heavy elements made in particle accelerator (very unstable) |
| mass of a nucleus is always less than... | the individual masses of the protons & neutrons that make it up |
| energy change for the mass defect is calculated with... | E=mc^2 |
| nuclear binding energy | this energy is needed to separate the nucleus into the p & n |
| iron-56 | an intermediate nucleus that takes the most energy to break apart & is the most stable |
| fission | heavy nuclei split into 2 mid-sized nuclei to become more stable & release that excess energy (ex: nuclear bomb) |
| fusion | very light nuclei combine to form a larger nuclei & release even more energy than fission (ex: the sun) |
| controlled energy --> nuclear chain reaction | "dominoes" due to the release of the 3n |
| critical mass | amount of fissionable material to start & maintain a NCR |
| supercritical mass | larger than critical mass, 2 portions of subcritical masses slammed together |
| subcritical mass | amount less than critical mass |
| how to control fission reactions? (4 things) | limit fuel, absorb neutrons with control rods, moderators, cooling systems |
| advantages of fission | 4.5g/year of U will satisfy average person’s energy consumption vs. 15 tons of coal (CO2) |
| disadvantages of fission | thermal pollution, waste disposal, , accidents |
| advantages of fusion | hydrogen isotopes are abundant, product is He not CO2 |
| disadvantages of fusion | high temp needed for reaction to happen |
| cold fusion controversy | fusion happened under normal lab contrition w/out high heat |
| controll fusion | output>input |
| tokamak | uses magnets to confine plasma |
| RAD (rad) | radiation absorbed dosage 0.01 J/kg of tissue |
| Curie (ci) | just a measure of radiation not type. |
| REM (rem) | roentgen equivalent man (RADs*RBE |
| REB | relative biological effectiveness |
| Geiger Counter | instrument that detects and records the amount of ionizing radiation |
| Dosimeter | measures total amount a person has absorbed (crystal or photographic film) |
| ionizing radiation --> gamma (5 things) | removes an e-, forms a free radical, scavenging for an e-, disrupts the normal function of the cell, a cancer forms |
| radiation side effects on living tissue | fast growing cells: more susceptible to radiation kids: hair loss, nausea, cancer cells |
| exposure: acute/chronic | 1 time exposure (ex: accidents)/long term exposure |
| somatic | organism (cell bodies) has absorbed it directly (ex: rash, burns) |
| genetic | indirectly affects reproductive organs resulting in birth defects |
| outside the body | gamma penetration very damaging to cells |
| inside the body | alpha is most damaging, efficient energy transfer |
| irradiation of food | kill bacteria that cause spoilage |
| beneficial uses for radiation | agriculture, medicine, industry |
| radio tracers | radioisotope that is used to trace the path of an element in a chem system |
| radon danger (6 things) | bedrock, noble gas seepage (colorless, odorless), t½ = 3.8 days, alpha emitter, long time exposure attributed to lung cancer, test kits |
| cancer treatment (3 things) --> fight fire w/ fire | radiation, chemotherapy, surgery |
| cutting edge technology w/ cancer treatment | immunotherapy ---> CAR-T cells |
Created by:
user-2065656