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AMSCO APHUG Unit 6 V
Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ecumene | The permanently inhabited portion of the earth's surface. |
| Settlement | A place with a permanent human population. |
| Urbanization | The ongoing process of developing towns and cities, which includes the causes and effects of existing cities' growth. |
| Percent Urban | An indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas. |
| Site | The physical and human characteristics at the immediate location, such as climate, physical features, labor force, and structures. |
| Situation | The location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places. |
| City-state | An urban center (the city) and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages that functioned independently with its own political system. |
| Urban Hearth | An area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys where seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus, giving rise to early cities. |
| Metropolitan Area (Metro Area) | A collection of adjacent cities economically connected across which population density is high and continuous. |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) | A U.S. designation for a city of at least 50,000 people, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties with a high degree of social and economic |
| Micropolitan Statistical Area | Cities of more than 10,000 but less than 50,000 inhabitants, their central county, and surrounding integrated counties. |
| Nodal Region | A focal point in a matrix of connections. |
| Morphology | The physical characteristics of an urban area, such as its buildings, streets, public places, and homes. |
| Built-up Area | An area where the landscape has a high concentration of people and structures. |
| Outskirts | The places where built-up areas begin to give way to open spaces and underdeveloped areas. |
| Urban Border | The end of a continuously built-up area, whether or not it coincides with official legal boundaries. |
| Social Heterogeneity | A measure of variety within a population, which is particularly high in cities due to diverse cultural interests, languages, backgrounds, and pursuits. |
| Borchert's Transportation Model | A model developed by John Borchert describing urban growth based on transportation technology divided into four distinct time periods or epochs. |
| Pedestrian Cities | Early urban centers shaped primarily by the distances people could walk. |
| Streetcar Suburbs | Communities that grew up along rail lines, often creating a pinwheel-shaped city footprint. |
| Suburb | A largely residential area adjacent to an urban area. |
| Suburbanization | The process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities. |
| Sprawl | The rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city, often characterized by lower-density single-family housing. |
| Leap-frog Development | A process where developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of a city's built area. |
| Boomburbs (Boomburgs) | Rapidly growing communities (over 10% population growth per decade) with over 100,000 residents that are not the primary central city in a metropolitan area. |
| Edge Cities | Nodes of economic activity that develop in the periphery of large cities, typically featuring tall office buildings, retail, few residences, and location along major transit junctions. |
| Counter-urbanization (Deurbanization) | The counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities to relocate to peripheral or rural regions. |
| Exurbs | Prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs. |
| Reurbanization | A process in which some suburbanites return to live inside central cities. |
| Megacities | Urban areas with a total population of more than 10 million people. |
| Metacities (Hypercities) | Continuous urban areas with a population greater than 20 million people, or networks of interconnected urban areas that function as a single system. |
| Megalopolis | A chain or continuously developed string of connected cities. |
| Conurbation | An uninterrupted urban area made of merged towns, suburbs, and cities. |
| World Cities (Global Cities) | Cities such as New York, London, Tokyo, and Paris that exert economic, cultural, and political influence far beyond their national boundaries. |
| Urban Hierarchy | A ranking system for cities based on their influence, population size, or functional complexity. |
| Nodal Cities | Command cities on a regional or national level that possess significant economic and cultural power without reaching global city status. |
| Urban System | An interdependent set of cities that interact on regional, national, and global scales. |
| Rank-size Rule | A pattern stating that the n-th largest city in a region will be 1/n the size of the largest city. |
| Higher-order Services | Expensive, infrequently used goods and services requiring a large population threshold, such as specialized research hospitals or major sports teams. |
| Lower-order Services | Less expensive, frequently used goods and services requiring a small population threshold, such as grocery stores or gas stations. |
| Primate City | The largest city in an urban system when it is more than twice as large as the second-largest city and disproportionately dominant. |
| Gravity Model | A model stating that larger and closer places will experience more spatial interactions than places that are smaller and farther apart. |
| Central Place Theory | A model proposed by Walter Christaller explaining the spatial distribution, size, and spacing of cities based on consumer purchasing behavior. |
| Central Place | A location where people travel to receive goods and services. |
| Market Area | A geographic zone surrounding a central place containing customers who purchase its goods or services. |
| Hexagonal Hinterlands | The hexagonal shape chosen in Central Place Theory to depict market areas without overlapping or leaving unserved gaps. |
| Threshold | The minimum population size necessary for a service to exist and remain profitable. |
| Range | The maximum distance people are willing to travel to obtain a specific good or service. |
| Functional Zonation | The concept that distinct portions or regions of an urban area serve specific, segregated purposes. |
| Central Business District (CBD) | The commercial heart of a city containing a high concentration of main services, transit hubs, and commercial activities. |
| Bid-rent Theory | A land-use theory explaining that land value is highest in the city center and decreases as distance from the CBD increases. |
| Commensal Relationship | A commercial association where proximity benefits both business interests, such as theaters located near restaurants. |
| Residential Zones | Urban zones reserved primarily for housing rather than commercial or industrial enterprise. |
| Concentric Zone Model (Burgess Model) | A model depicting a city growing outward from a central business district in a series of concentric rings. |
| Sector Model (Hoyt's Model) | A model depicting urban land use developing in wedge-like sectors extending outward along transportation corridors. |
| Harris and Ullman Multiple-Nuclei Model | A model depicting a city organized around multiple nodes or functional centers rather than a single CBD. |
| Peripheral Model | A variant of the multiple-nuclei model describing suburban residential areas surrounding an inner city with commercial nodes along a beltway. |
| Galactic City Model | A model describing an urban area where an original CBD becomes surrounded by suburban nodes and edge cities along major motorways. |
| Minarets | Tall, slender towers attached to mosques that are prominent feature elements in Middle Eastern/Islamic cityscapes. |
| Citadel | A defensive fort designed to protect an Islamic city, typically surrounding a palace and military barracks. |
| Suqs | Traditional outdoor markets or covered bazaars found along major streets in Islamic cities. |
| Griffin-Ford Model | A model describing Latin American cities, placing a two-part CBD at the center with a commercial spine surrounded by concentric zones of decreasing residential quality. |
| Spine | A commercial corridor lined with amenities and high-quality housing extending outward from the CBD in Latin American cities. |
| Mall | A secondary urban node located at the end of the commercial spine in Latin American cities. |
| In Situ Accretion | A transitional zone in Latin American cities containing modest housing mixing structural updates with older residences. |
| Periférico | The outer ring of a Latin American city characterized by extreme poverty, lack of infrastructure, and informal housing. |
| Shantytowns | Informal, poorly built settlements constructed on the outskirts of cities. |
| Favelas (Barrios) | Neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty, unsafe construction, and limited municipal services, common in Latin American cities. |
| Disamenity Zones | Extremely impoverished urban areas not connected to city services and often under the control of informal or illegal networks. |
| Formal Economy | Economic activities consisting of permanent, regulated businesses paying set wages and complying with local tax laws. |
| Informal Economy Zone | An urban sector thriving on unlicensed, unregulated, curbside, or temporary sales and labor. |
| Periodic Markets | Markets where small-scale merchants gather weekly or seasonally to buy and sell goods. |
| Squatter Settlements | Densely populated informal residential areas formed without legal claims to the land or municipal infrastructure. |
| McGee Model | A model describing land-use patterns in Southeast Asian coastal cities focused around a central port zone. |
| Zoning Ordinances | Local governmental regulations specifying how property in defined geographic areas can be utilized. |
| Urban Planning | The process of guiding growth, land distribution, and physical development in urban environments. |
| Inner City | High-density residential zones directly surrounding the central business district in North American cities. |
| Residential Density Gradient | The continuous decrease in population and housing unit density moving outward from the inner city toward suburban borders. |
| McMansions | Substantially oversized homes built in existing neighborhoods that frequently do not match the surrounding traditional architecture. |
| Filtering | The step-by-step passage of housing from wealthier occupants to lower-income groups over time. |
| Invasion and Succession | The replacement of one social or ethnic group by another within an urban neighborhood through filtering. |
| Gated Communities | Enclosed suburban or urban neighborhoods designed with restricted access points, security barriers, and enforced design standards. |
| Urban Infill | The redevelopment process of filling underused or vacant plots inside built-up urban zones to increase housing density. |
| Suburbanization of Business | The relocation of commercial offices, retail centers, and services out of central cities into suburban spaces. |
| Infrastructure | The physical structures, distribution systems, and public service networks required to support a population. |
| Municipal | Referring to the local city or town government and the public services it supplies. |
| Municipality | A distinct local political entity operating under unified legal jurisdiction. |
| Annexation | The formal process of legally incorporating surrounding land into a city's administrative boundary. |
| Incorporation | The act of legally organizing resident populations into a newly recognized municipality. |
| Bedroom Communities | Commuter suburbs that lack a central commercial core and rely on neighboring cities for primary employment. |
| Unincorporated Areas | Regions located outside the legal limits of any organized municipality. |
| Public Transportation | Publicly managed or subsidized mass transit systems, including buses, subways, light rail, and commuter trains. |
| Sustainability | Utilizing environmental resources to satisfy present needs without destroying ecosystem viability for future generations. |
| Smart-Growth Policies | Urban development strategies aimed at stopping sprawl through compact, mixed-use, walkable, and transit-friendly design. |
| Greenbelts | Protected rings of natural or agricultural open space surrounding cities to curb urban expansion. |
| Slow-Growth Cities | Municipalities implementing policy limits on building permits and land annexations to ensure higher urban density and historical preservation. |
| New Urban Design (New Urbanism) | A movement creating walkable, human-scale neighborhoods featuring mixed land use, accessible transit, and diverse housing options. |
| Mixed-Use Neighborhood | A neighborhood combining residential, commercial, and public spaces into walkable urban communities. |
| Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) | Compact, mixed-use housing and commercial centers situated directly adjacent to major mass transit nodes. |
| Livability | The overall measure of urban quality of life based on access to housing, employment, health, public safety, transit, and civic participation. |
| Quantitative Data | Information expressed through numeric values, counts, and statistical measurements. |
| Population Composition | Demographics describing group traits like age, gender, race, income, and household size. |
| Census Tracts | Small contiguous geographic regions defined by census bureaus as the basic geographic units for census tracking. |
| Block Groups | Subdivisions of census tracts composed of clusters of urban blocks. |
| Census Blocks | The smallest geographic unit of census measurement, bounded by surrounding streets or physical borders. |
| Qualitative Data | Information gathered through open-ended surveys, field notes, interviews, and visual observations describing human experiences and opinions. |
| Redlining | The illegal discriminatory process where financial institutions draw geographic boundaries on maps to refuse loans or investment in targeted neighborhoods. |
| Racial Segregation | Spatial isolation of residential communities based on race or ethnicity. |
| Blockbusting | An illegal practice where real estate agents convinced White property owners to sell homes at low prices by claiming minorities were moving into the area. |
| Ghettos | Impoverished urban areas occupied predominantly by minority groups experiencing systemic social, political, or financial isolation. |
| Inclusionary Zoning | Planning regulations providing incentives for private developers to designate a portion of new housing units for low-income buyers or tenants. |
| Public Housing | Government-owned or subsidized residential developments provided to low-income populations. |
| Scattered Site | An approach dispersing subsidized public housing units across diverse wealthy or middle-class neighborhoods. |
| Urban Renewal | Government programs clearing blighted inner-city areas to build modernized infrastructure and commercial projects. |
| Eminent Domain | The legal right of a government to take private land for public use upon financial compensation to the owner. |
| Gentrification | The renovation of lower-income urban inner-city neighborhoods by higher-income buyers, raising property values while displacing long-term renters. |
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