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AMSCO APHUG Unit 5 V
vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | The process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade. |
| Climate | The long-term weather patterns in a region. |
| Subsistence Agriculture | Agriculture where the primary goal is to grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and their family. |
| Commercial Agriculture | Agriculture where the primary goal is to grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit. |
| Capital | The money invested in land, equipment, and machines. |
| Intensive Agricultural Practices | Farming practices in which farmers or ranchers use large amounts of inputs, such as energy, fertilizers, labor, or machines, to maximize yields. |
| Extensive Agricultural Practices | Farming practices that use lower amounts of inputs and typically result in less yield. |
| Intensive Commercial Agriculture | Heavy investments in labor and capital used to produce high yields and profits. |
| Intensive Subsistent Agriculture | Labor- and animal-intensive farming aimed at meeting immediate survival needs. |
| Extensive Commercial Agriculture | Farming that uses low inputs of resources with the primary goal of selling products for profit. |
| Extensive Subsistent Agriculture | Agricultural activity requiring few inputs, typically practiced in extreme climates. |
| Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence extensive agriculture practiced in dry climates where nomads move herds to different pastures for survival. |
| Shifting Cultivation | A subsistence extensive farming method where farmers grow crops on a plot for a few years and move to a new field when soil fertility drops. |
| Slash-and-Burn Agriculture (Swidden Agriculture) | A form of shifting cultivation in tropical regions where vegetation is burned to clear land and enrich nutrient-poor soil. |
| Plantation | A large commercial farm in tropical or subtropical regions that specializes in growing a single crop. |
| Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming | An intensive commercial system where crops are grown primarily to feed livestock, and manure is used to fertilize crops. |
| Grain Farming | Raising wheat or other grains in drier regions unsuitable for mixed crop agriculture. |
| Spring Wheat | Wheat planted in early spring and harvested in early autumn, grown in colder regions. |
| Winter Wheat | Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in early summer, grown in warmer regions. |
| Commercial Gardening (Truck Farming) | Intensive farming of fruits and vegetables driven to local or distant urban markets. |
| Market Gardening | Small-scale intensive farming where fruits and vegetables are grown near urban markets for local suppliers, stores, and restaurants. |
| Dairy Farming | Commercial operation focused on supplying milk and dairy products, positioned near urban centers. |
| Milk Shed | The geographic distance that milk can be delivered without spoiling. |
| Mediterranean Agriculture | Agriculture practiced in regions with hot, dry summers and mild winters, specializing in crops like figs, olives, dates, and grapes. |
| Transhumance | The seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in summer to lower elevations and valleys in winter. |
| Livestock Ranching | The commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific geographic area. |
| Clustered (Nucleated) Settlements | Rural settlement pattern with groups of homes located close together in a village. |
| Dispersed Settlements | Rural settlement pattern where homes are spread throughout the countryside. |
| Linear Settlement | Settlement pattern where buildings and human activities are organized along a body of water or transportation route. |
| Metes and Bounds System | Boundary description method using specific local physical features (metes) and broader geographic features (bounds). |
| Public Land Survey System (Township and Range System) | Grid-based land survey system creating rectangular plots of uniform size. |
| Townships | Square land grid divisions measuring six miles long by six miles wide. |
| Section | A square-mile plot consisting of 640 acres within a township. |
| French Long-Lot System | Land distribution pattern featuring long, thin plots running perpendicular to a river to give landowners direct water access. |
| First (Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution | The historical origin of farming marked by the initial domestication of plants and animals. |
| Animal Domestication | The process of taming animals for protection, labor, transportation, or food sources. |
| Plant Domestication | The intentional planting and cultivation of crops, originating from vegetative planting and seed planting. |
| Fertile Crescent | Major agricultural hearth in Southwest Asia extending along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. |
| Independent Innovation | The process where similar crops or animals were domesticated in multiple world regions without interaction. |
| Columbian Exchange | The global movement of plants, animals, and diseases between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas. |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | Agricultural overhaul beginning in the 1700s that applied Industrial Revolution mechanization to increase food production. |
| Enclosure Acts | British government laws allowing landowners to purchase and enclose common land for private, large-scale commercial farming. |
| Crop Rotation | Technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same land plot to replenish soil nutrients. |
| Irrigation | The application of controlled amounts of water to crops using canals, pipes, or sprinklers rather than relying solely on rain. |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | Agricultural revolution beginning in the mid-20th century based on scientific research, technological innovations, and global agribusiness systems. |
| Green Revolution | High-yield agricultural movement within the Third Agricultural Revolution utilizing plant biology, seed hybridization, fertilizers, and pesticides. |
| Double Crop | Growing more than one crop on the same field within a single year. |
| Hybridization | The process of breeding two plants with desirable traits to create a seed combining those characteristics. |
| Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) | An organism whose DNA has been altered using engineering techniques to improve yield or resistance. |
| Bid-Rent Theory | Theory stating that land value decreases as distance from the urban market increases. |
| Capital Intensive | Agricultural methods requiring large monetary investments in equipment, machinery, or technologies. |
| Labor Intensive | Agricultural operations requiring high amounts of human physical work. |
| Factory Farming | Capital-intensive livestock farming where animals are raised in close quarters with controlled breeding and feeding. |
| Aquaculture (Aquafarming) | Raising fish, shellfish, or aquatic plants in controlled aquatic environments. |
| Intercropping (Multicropping) | Growing two or more distinct crops simultaneously in the same field. |
| Monoculture | Growing a single crop or raising one type of livestock on a field during a growing season. |
| Monocropping | Continuously growing the exact same crop year after year on the same land. |
| Feedlots (CAFOs) | Confined animal feeding operations where livestock are restricted in movement to rapidly fatten them for market. |
| Agribusiness | Integrated system in food production combining research, farming, processing, transport, marketing, and retail. |
| Transnational Corporations | Large companies operating across multiple national borders. |
| Vertical Integration | Business practice where a single corporation owns multiple consecutive steps in a product's supply chain. |
| Economies of Scale | Cost reductions per unit gained when production scale increases. |
| Commodity Chain | A step-by-step corporate process for gathering resources, manufacturing items, and delivering them to consumers. |
| Carrying Capacity | The maximum population size an environment's resources can sustain. |
| Cool Chains | Refrigerated transportation networks designed to prevent perishable food from spoiling in transit. |
| Location Theory | Branch of economic geography examining why activities are positioned where they are. |
| Von Thünen Model | Spatial economic model predicting agricultural patterns based on distance to market, transport costs, land price, and perishability. |
| Isotropic Plain | A hypothetical flat, featureless geographic area with uniform climate and soil fertility. |
| Horticulture | Intensive farming consisting of market gardening, truck farming, and dairy operations. |
| Bid-Price Curve (Bid-Rent Curve) | Graph showing how much money farmers are willing to pay for land at varying distances from the market center. |
| Free-Market Economy | Economic system driven by market forces of supply and demand rather than government control. |
| Comparative Advantage | Natural environmental advantages (such as climate or soil) favoring specific crop production. |
| Supply Chain | Entire system of steps involved in creating and delivering a product to consumers. |
| Luxury Crops | Non-essential high-value cash crops grown primarily for export (e.g., coffee, tea, cocoa). |
| Neocolonialism | Modern economic and political control exerted by core countries over former colonial countries. |
| Fair Trade Movement | Social movement aimed at ensuring fair compensation and humane working conditions for developing-world farmers. |
| Subsidies | Direct or indirect financial assistance given by governments to support national agriculture. |
| Infrastructure | Essential physical systems and structures (roads, ports, utilities) necessary for economic operations. |
| Land Cover Change | The analysis of how land usage changes over time and its environmental impact. |
| Desertification | Process where fertile soil in arid regions becomes infertile due to deforestation, overgrazing, or erosion. |
| Soil Salinization | Accumulation of salts in soil caused by improper irrigation practices, hindering crop growth. |
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