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AMSCO APHUG Unit 3 V
AMSCO APHUG Unit 3 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Culture | All of a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects; includes both visible actions and invisible shared belief systems. |
| Cultural traits | The individual visible and invisible elements that make up a culture. |
| Cultural complex | A series of interrelated cultural traits, behaviors, and values. |
| Culture hearth | The geographic area or center in which a unique culture or specific cultural trait originates and develops. |
| Diffuse | To spread or disperse outward from a hearth to other places. |
| Taboos | Behaviors or practices heavily discouraged or forbidden by a culture. |
| Traditional culture | Long-held cultural beliefs, values, and practices passed down through generations that have not been affected by modern technology or outside influences. |
| Folk culture | The beliefs and practices of small, homogeneous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change. |
| Indigenous culture | The unique cultural traits, practices, and languages of an ethnic group residing in their ancestral lands. |
| Globalization | The increased integration and intensified interaction among economies, societies, cultures, and governments around the world. |
| Popular culture | Cultural traits such as clothing, music, movies, and food that spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various diverse groups. |
| Global culture | Popular cultural traits that are quickly adopted worldwide, creating uniform beliefs, values, and built environments across places. |
| Cultural landscape | The visible imprint and human alteration of the natural environment by a cultural group, also known as the built environment. |
| Horizontal diversity | Cultural diversity across space where each traditional culture group has unique customs but high internal homogeneity. |
| Vertical diversity | Cultural diversity within modern urban societies containing heterogeneous populations and multiethnic neighborhoods. |
| Material culture | The tangible elements of culture that can be experienced by the senses, such as art, clothing, food, music, sports, and housing. |
| Artifacts | Tangible physical objects created, used, and valued by a culture. |
| Mentifacts | The nonmaterial, intangible elements of a culture, including beliefs, values, ideas, practices, and aesthetics. |
| Nonmaterial culture | Intangible cultural concepts that do not have a physical presence, such as beliefs and values. |
| Sociofacts | The ways in which a culture organizes its society and social institutions, such as families, governments, schools, and religious organizations. |
| Placelessness | The loss of uniqueness of location in the cultural landscape, where places exhibit a high degree of visual homogeneity. |
| Built environment | The physical artifacts and structures constructed by humans that form part of the landscape, such as buildings, roads, and fences. |
| Toponyms | Place names that reflect the history, physical environment, or culture of a location. |
| Traditional architecture | Building style that reflects a local culture's history, values, and environmental adaptations using locally available natural materials. |
| Postmodern architecture | Architectural movement emerging after the 1960s characterized by high-rise structures featuring steel and glass siding, dramatic curves, and large atriums. |
| Contemporary architecture | A 21st-century architectural style extending postmodernism that uses innovative technologies to create rotating, curved, and massive structures. |
| Ethnicity | Membership within a group of people who share common ancestry, language, customs, history, and cultural traits. |
| Ethnic enclaves | Neighborhoods or clusters of people of the same culture surrounded by a dominant culture in the region. |
| Gendered spaces | Areas or landscapes designed or designated for the specific use or social expectations of a single gender. |
| Cultural regions | Geographic areas defined by shared cultural characteristics such as language, religion, or ethnicity. |
| Cultural realms | Large macro-regions that encompass several cultural regions sharing broad traits like language families, religious traditions, or history. |
| Sacred places | Specific geographic sites, physical features, or cities that hold deep religious significance. |
| Stupas | Buddhist structures designed to store religious relics and memorialize important events or beliefs. |
| Pagodas | Common Buddhist temple structures developed from stupas that allow believers to enter and meditate. |
| Diaspora | The scattering or dispersion of a population away from their original homeland to various global locations. |
| Charter group | The first ethnic or cultural group to establish permanent settlement and cultural norms in a space. |
| Ethnic islands | Concentrated ethnic groups living in isolated rural areas whose housing and agricultural practices reflect their ancestral heritage. |
| Sequent occupancy | The process in which successive cultural groups move in and out of a neighborhood over time, leaving lasting cultural imprints. |
| Neolocalism | The intentional re-embracing and revival of the unique historical, cultural, or local identity of a place. |
| Cultural patterns | Related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create consistent behaviors and spatial distributions across geographic space. |
| Nationality | Legal and political identification based on a person's citizenship or connection to a specific country. |
| Centripetal forces | Cultural or political factors that unify a group of people or strengthen national cohesion. |
| Centrifugal forces | Cultural or political factors that divide, fragment, or pull apart a society or nation. |
| Multicultural states | Countries that contain two or more distinct cultural or ethnic groups within their national boundaries. |
| Sharia | The legal framework in some Islamic countries derived directly from religious edicts in the Quran. |
| Blue laws | Local laws that restrict specific secular activities, such as selling alcohol, on Sundays. |
| Fundamentalism | A strict, literal interpretation and adherence to the foundational writings and traditional doctrines of a religious faith. |
| Theocracies | Governments ruled directly by religious leaders using religious laws as state law. |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief that one's own cultural group is superior to others, evaluating other cultures against one's own standards. |
| Cultural relativism | Evaluating and understanding a cultural group's practices, values, and beliefs from the perspective of that specific culture. |
| Cultural appropriation | The adoption of elements, traits, or symbols of a minority or oppressed culture by a dominant majority culture, often inappropriately or out of context. |
| Diffusion | The outward spread of cultural ideas, innovations, behaviors, or diseases from their origin or hearth to wider areas. |
| Relocation diffusion | The spread of cultural traits through the physical movement and migration of people to new locations. |
| Expansion diffusion | The spread of cultural traits outward through interaction and adoption without the physical movement of people. |
| Contagious diffusion | A type of expansion diffusion where a cultural trait spreads continuously and rapidly outward through direct contact among individuals. |
| Hierarchical diffusion | A type of expansion diffusion where traits spread outward from influential people, major cities, or centers of power to smaller places. |
| Reverse hierarchical diffusion | The spread of a cultural trait from lower-status groups or small rural communities up to larger urban centers or higher social classes. |
| Stimulus diffusion | The adoption of an underlying idea or principle from another culture while modifying or rejecting a specific original trait. |
| Imperialism | A broad policy or practice where one nation exerts control or dominance over another country through direct conquest, economic leverage, or cultural influence. |
| Colonialism | A specific form of imperialism involving the physical settlement, control, and exploitation of land and indigenous populations by a foreign power. |
| Animism | The belief that non-living natural elements, such as plants, rivers, or mountains, possess spiritual beings or souls. |
| Native speakers | Individuals who learned and spoke a language from birth as their primary language. |
| Lingua franca | A mutually understood common language used for trade, business, or communication between speakers of different native languages. |
| Slang | Informal, non-standard vocabulary words used by specific segments of a population. |
| Pidgin language | A simplified, informal hybrid language developed for trade between speakers of different languages, with reduced grammar and vocabulary. |
| Creole language | A stable, fully-developed formal language that evolves over time from the blending of two or more distinct languages. |
| Social constructs | Ideas, concepts, or social norms created, accepted, and maintained by a society rather than occurring naturally. |
| Time-space convergence | The phenomenon where technological advancements in transportation and communication reduce the travel time and relative distance between places. |
| Cultural convergence | The process where distinct cultures become increasingly similar and share more traits due to globalization and frequent interaction. |
| Cultural divergence | The process where a single culture splits or changes over time into separate distinct cultural traits due to geographic isolation or social barriers. |
| Linguists | Scientists and academic scholars who study human languages, their structure, origins, and evolution. |
| Language tree | A graphic diagram illustrating historical relationships and evolution among language families, branches, and individual languages. |
| Indo-European language family | A massive language family originating around 6,000 years ago whose descendant languages are spoken by nearly half the global population. |
| Romance languages | A group of European languages (Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian) that evolved from regional variations of Latin. |
| Isoglosses | Geographic boundary lines marking differences in word usage, pronunciation, or dialect features. |
| Dialects | Regional variations of a language distinguished by differences in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and spelling. |
| Adages | Traditional proverbs or sayings that express a general truth or principle about life. |
| Official language | A language explicitly designated by law for government administration, legislation, and official business. |
| Homogeneous | Composed of people or cultural elements that are uniform, similar, or ethnically identical. |
| Adherents | Believers, followers, or practitioners of a specific religion or belief system. |
| Ethnic religions | Religions closely tied to a specific ethnic or cultural group, rarely seeking converts, and spreading mainly through relocation migration. |
| Universal religion | A religion that actively seeks converts worldwide regardless of ethnic background, nationality, or language. |
| Hinduism | An ancient, polytheistic/monotheistic ethnic religion originating in India that emphasizes karma, dharma, reincarnation, and sacred nature. |
| Polytheistic | Religions or belief systems that worship multiple deities or gods. |
| Monotheistic | Religions or belief systems centered on the belief in a single supreme God. |
| Karma | The spiritual law of cause and effect in Hinduism and Buddhism where moral actions influence a soul's future lives. |
| Caste system | A rigid social class hierarchy historically associated with Hinduism in India. |
| Buddhism | A universalizing religion founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama focused on overcoming desire and achieving enlightenment (nirvana). |
| Sikhism | A monotheistic universalizing religion founded in the Punjab region by Guru Nanak, emphasizing equality, service, and devotion. |
| Gurdwara | A Sikh place of worship that includes a central prayer hall and a free community kitchen (langar). |
| Judaism | An ancient monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people originating in the Middle East based on the Torah. |
| Christianity | A universalizing monotheistic religion based on the life, teachings, and resurrection of Jesus. |
| Islam | A universalizing monotheistic religion based on the revelations of Allah to the Prophet Muhammad as recorded in the Quran. |
| Pilgrimage | A sacred journey made by religious followers to a holy site or place of spiritual significance. |
| Homogenization | The process by which global popular culture makes distinct places and cultural landscapes increasingly uniform and alike. |
| Acculturation | The process by which an immigrant or minority group adopts core practices of a host culture while preserving elements of their original culture. |
| Assimilation | The process by which an ethnic or minority group becomes fully integrated into a host culture, losing distinct cultural traits. |
| Syncretism | The blending or fusion of elements from two or more distinct cultures to create a brand new cultural trait or practice. |
| Glocalization | Adapting global products, services, or media to fit the specific preferences and norms of local cultures. |
| Multiculturalism | The peaceful coexistence and equal valuation of diverse cultural groups within a single society. |
| Nativist | Anti-immigrant attitudes or policies held by a dominant culture toward minority or incoming immigrant populations. |
| Xenophobia | An irrational fear, prejudice, or hatred toward foreigners or people from different cultural backgrounds. |
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