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AMSCO APHUG Unit 2
AMSCO APHUG Unit 2 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Population distribution | The pattern of human settlement—the spread of people across the earth. |
| Population density | A measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area. How crowded an area is. |
| Midlatitudes | The regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator, which have moderate climates and better soils. |
| Social stratification | The hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity. |
| Demographers | People who study human populations. |
| Arithmetic population density | Calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area. |
| Even distribution | A population distribution pattern where people are evenly dispersed throughout an area. |
| Clustered (or nucleated) | A population distribution pattern where people are concentrated closely together in one part of an area. |
| Linear pattern | A population distribution pattern where people are spread out in a line, common along rivers or transit routes. |
| Physiological population density | Calculated by dividing a region's population by the amount of arable land. |
| Arable | Land suitable for growing crops. |
| Carrying capacity | The population a region can support without significant environmental deterioration. |
| Agricultural population density | The ratio comparing the number of farmers to the total area of arable land. |
| Redistricting | The periodic adjustment of electoral district boundaries every ten years based on census data to maintain reasonably equal population sizes per district. |
| Infrastructure | The essential physical facilities and structures (such as sewer systems, electrical grids, roads, and bridges) that allow a society to function. |
| Overpopulation | A condition of having more people in a region than it can support. |
| Composition | The specific demographic makeup of ages and sexes within a population. |
| Population pyramid | An age-sex composition graph used by geographers to analyze birth rates, death rates, life expectancy, and economic development. |
| Cohorts | Age groups listed along the vertical axis of a population pyramid, usually grouped in five-year age bands. |
| Birth deficit | A significant slowdown or decline in births occurring during a time of conflict or war. |
| Baby boom | A temporary spike or sudden increase in birth rates, often occurring after a war or during economic prosperity. |
| Baby bust | A period of lower birth rates following a baby boom that continues until the boomers reach childbearing age. |
| Echo | A secondary bulge on a population pyramid representing a substantial increase in births when a baby boom generation reaches childbearing age. |
| Potential workforce | The population group aged 15 to 64 expected to form a society's labor force. |
| Dependent population | People under age 15 or over age 64 who are considered too young or too old to work full-time. |
| Dependency ratio | A comparative value between the size of the potential workforce and the dependent population. |
| Demographic balancing equation | An equation used to calculate future population: Future population = Current population + (births - deaths) + (immigrants - emigrants). |
| Immigrants | People who move into a new country with the intention of settling there. |
| Emigrants | People who move out of their country of origin. |
| Crude birth rate (CBR) | The total number of live births per year for every 1,000 people in a population. |
| Total fertility rate (TFR) | The average number of children born per woman during her childbearing years (ages 15 to 49). |
| Life expectancy | The average number of years a person is expected to live, measured from birth. |
| Infant mortality rate | The number of children who die before reaching their first birthday per 1,000 live births. |
| Crude death rate (CDR) | The total number of deaths per year for every 1,000 people in a population. |
| Rate of natural increase (RNI) | The percentage by which a population grows or declines annually without migration, calculated as (CBR - CDR) / 10. |
| Arithmetic growth | Population growth where the increase is a constant number each period. |
| Exponential growth | Population growth where the increase is a constant factor each period, causing rapid doubling. |
| Population doubling time | The estimated time in years required for a population to double in size, calculated using the Rule of 70. |
| Demographic transition model (DTM) | A model depicting five stages of population growth and decline that countries experience as they modernize and industrialize. |
| Demographic momentum | The continued growth of a population for 20-40 years after fertility rates decline, driven by large cohorts of young people reaching childbearing age. |
| Stationary population pyramid | A population pyramid characteristic of Stage 4 DTM, indicating a stable population that is neither growing nor shrinking significantly. |
| Epidemiological transition model | A model outlining predictable stages in cause of death and life expectancy as a country develops economically. |
| Pandemics | Widespread outbreaks of infectious diseases affecting large populations across extensive geographic areas. |
| Malthusian theory | The theory that population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically, leading inevitably to overpopulation and famine. |
| Famine | Widespread, extreme starvation that acts as a Malthusian check on overpopulation. |
| Boserup theory | The theory proposing that population growth stimulates technological innovation and agricultural intensification, producing sufficient food. |
| Neo-Malthusians | Modern theorists who argue that rapid population growth depletes nonrenewable natural resources, damages the environment, and creates global instability. |
| Antinatalist policies | Government policies designed to reduce birth rates and slow population growth. |
| Pronatalist policies | Government policies designed to increase fertility rates and encourage larger families. |
| Migration | The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one location to another. |
| Voluntary migration | Movement made by choice, combining a decision to leave one place with a decision to move to another. |
| Push factors | Negative conditions, events, or circumstances at an origin location that compel people to leave. |
| Pull factors | Positive conditions and attractions at a destination that draw migrants. |
| Immigrant | A person who moves across an international border with the intention of living permanently in the host country. |
| Emigrant | A person who migrates away from their country of origin. |
| Emigrate | To leave one's home country to settle permanently in another. |
| Kinship links | Social ties with relatives who have already settled in a destination place. |
| Migration transition model | Wilbur Zelinsky's theory that overcrowding in Stage 2 and 3 DTM countries pushes migrants toward economic opportunities in Stage 4 and 5 countries. |
| Intervening obstacles | Barriers (political, economic, social, or physical) that make reaching a desired migration destination more difficult. |
| Intervening opportunities | Positive local opportunities encountered along a migration route that alter a migrant's original plans. |
| Ravenstein's laws of migration | A series of empirical observations regarding migration tendencies, including distance decay, urban destinations, step migration, and demographic traits. |
| Distance decay | The concept that interaction between two places decreases as the distance between them increases. |
| Gravity model of migration | A model predicting that migration volume between two places is proportional to their populations and inversely proportional to the distance between them. |
| Step migration | A migration process where individuals reach a final destination through a series of smaller, sequential moves. |
| Rural-to-urban migration | The movement of people from rural countryside locations into urban cities. |
| Counter migration | A secondary migration flow in the opposite direction of a primary migration trend. |
| Return migration | The process of immigrants returning to live in their country or place of origin. |
| Forced migration | Involuntary movement where migrants are compelled to relocate due to threats to life, safety, or freedom. |
| Internally displaced persons (IDPs) | People forced to flee their homes who relocate to another area within the borders of their own country. |
| Refugees | People forced to flee their country due to war, persecution, or disaster who cross international borders. |
| Asylum | Legal protection granted by a host nation to an immigrant fleeing legitimate danger or persecution in their homeland. |
| Internal migration | Relocation and movement that takes place entirely within the boundaries of a single country. |
| Transnational migration | International movement from one country to settle in another country. |
| Chain migration | A process in which migrants move to a specific location because family, friends, or members of their community previously settled there. |
| Guest workers | Temporary transnational laborers admitted into a host country to perform specific jobs. |
| Transhumance | The seasonal movement of herders and livestock between mountain pastures in summer and lowland valleys in winter. |
| Homestead Act | An 1862 U.S. law granting government land to settlers who agreed to farm it for five years, pulling many immigrants to the U.S. |
| Guest-worker policies | National regulations establishing legal frameworks, quotas, and conditions for temporary foreign workers. |
| Family reunification | Immigration policies allowing established residents to sponsor family members to join them in the receiving country. |
| Xenophobia | A strong fear, hatred, or prejudice toward foreigners or people from different cultures. |
| Cultural homogeneity | A high degree of cultural sameness or ethnic similarity within a population. |
| Remittances | Money transferred by foreign workers back to family members in their country of origin. |
| Brain drain | The mass emigration of highly educated and skilled individuals from a developing nation to wealthier countries. |
| Ethnic enclaves | Neighborhoods within cities populated largely by people of the same ethnic background, sustaining cultural heritage. |
| Great Migration | The mass internal movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to urban industrial centers in the North and West during the 20th century. |
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