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Evo Genes I & II
Intro to Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the C-Value Paradox? | The mass of DNA in a haploid nucleus (C-value) does not correlate with an organism's biological or structural complexity |
| What are Transposable Elements (TEs) and how do they impact genomes? | Short, repetitive "selfish" DNA sequences that make up large portions of genomes and can cause mutations, gene duplications, and recombination errors |
| How does Alternative Splicing increase proteomic complexity? | Joins different exon combinations from a single mRNA to produce multiple protein isoforms without increasing genome size |
| What are Overlapping Genes and where are they most common? | Overlapping coding regions on DNA that help synchronize expression levels and timing; most common in viruses and bacteria |
| What is Unequal Crossing Over? | Misalignment and recombination between homologous chromosomes resulting in gene duplication on one chromosome and deletion on the other |
| How does Retrotransposition create new gene copies? | Processed mRNA is reverse-transcribed into cDNA and reinserted into the genome; resulting duplicate copies lack introns |
| What is the difference between Autopolyploidy and Allopolyploidy? | Autopolyploidy is whole-genome duplication within a single species due to meiotic non-disjunction. Allopolyploidy occurs when whole-genome duplication follows hybridization between two different species |
| What is De Novo gene origin? | Emergence of a brand-new protein-coding gene directly from previously non-coding DNA sequences |
| What is Replication Slippage? | Polymerase error during DNA replication where the strand slips, generating localized sequence duplications |
| What are Paralogs and Gene Families? | Paralogs are duplicate genes within the same genome . A Gene Family is a set of loci arising by duplication that code for proteins with similar biochemical functions |
| What is Copy Number Variation (CNV)? | Differences among individuals of the same species in the copy number of specific gene or DNA sequences |
| What is a Pseudogene? | A non-functional member of a gene family derived from a functional gene due to missing promoters, frameshifts, premature stop codons, or accumulated deleterious mutations |
| What is the difference between Subfunctionalization and Neofunctionalization? | Subfunctionalization: Duplicate copies divide the ancestral gene's original functions between them. Neofunctionalization: One copy retains original function while the other acquires a novel function |
| What is Gene Trafficking? | Movement of a locus to a new genomic location via duplication followed by deletion of the original parental copy |
| What is the Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution? | The hypothesis that most fixed molecular variations do not alter fitness and evolve predominantly by genetic drift rather than positive selection |
| Why do first and second codon positions evolve slower than third positions? | Positions 1 & 2 change amino acid identity (nonsynonymous) and face functional constraints, whereas position 3 mutations are often silent and evolve primarily by drift |
| How does Effective Population Size (N_e) affect selection vs. drift? | Species with larger effective population sizes (N_e) experience stronger selection efficacy, having more loci evolving by positive selection rather than genetic drift |
| How do changes in gene expression drive adaptation? | Phenotypic adaptations frequently stem from regulatory shifts (e.g., transcription factor binding sites, epigenetics, or alternative splicing) that alter when, where, or how much a gene is expressed |
| What are Chromosomal Fusions and Fissions, and what drives them in house mice (Mus musculus)? | Fusion joins two chromosomes into one (most common mechanism changing chromosome count), while fission splits one into two; meiotic drive (selfish transmission) drives chromosome count variation in house mice |
| What is a Chromosomal Inversion and why is it evolutionary significant? | A chromosome segment is flipped 180 degrees, suppressing recombination across the inverted region, altering gene expression/content, and potentially driving speciation |
| What is Sanger Sequencing (1st Generation)? | High-accuracy sequencing with limited read lengths that required Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) to assemble genomes like the Human Genome Project |
| What are the benefits and limitations of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS / Illumina)? | Ultra-high throughput and dramatically lower cost, but short reads often lose repetitive genomic regions |
| What is Third-Generation Sequencing (e.g., Nanopore)? | Single-molecule long-read sequencing technology capable of reading long DNA fragments to resolve complex repetitive genomic architecture |
Created by:
bbrdd