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Viruses exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What percentdeath age of the total human genome are viruses | 8 percent |
| What are viruses? | Obligate intracellular entities |
| Viruses size range | 17 nm to 440 nm |
| IRES | Enable translation independent of 5' cap structures |
| Influenza death toll | 50 million lives |
| Polio death toll | 500,000 killed or paralyzed |
| Oceanic scale | 10^31 viral particles |
| Host diversity | 320,000 species infect mammals |
| How many viruses does the human body host | 380 trillion |
| Smallest virus | Parvoviridae family |
| Largest virus | Megaviruses |
| Virion Base structure | Virion, Capsid, viral genome |
| Capsid | Protein shell that encloses and protects the viral nucleic acid |
| Outer proteins | Surface projections or fibers involved in host cell attachment |
| Envelope | Lipid membrane surrounding the capsid in enveloped viruses, usually acquired by budding through host cell membranes |
| Adenovirus | Non enveloped featuring a icosahedral capsid with penton bases |
| Herpesvirus | Enveloped containing a capsid, a surrounding proteinaceous tegument, and an outer lipid envelope embedded with glycoprotiens |
| Open reading frame | Central protein- coding regionthat transcribes a precursor genomic polyprotein which is cleaved into structural proteins and nonstructureal proteins. |
| structural proteins | Form the capsid, envelope and physical virion. |
| Non structural proteins | Include enzymes that drive replication, modify host cellular pathways, and inhibit immune defenses. |
| 5' and 3' Untranslated Regions (UTRs) | Non coding sequences located at the termini that regulate viral replication, translation, initiation and genome stability |
| Secondary and tertiary RNA structures | single stranded viral genomes fold via intramolecular base-painring into functional structures |
| stem loops and bulges | Double - stranded stems with single stranded loops or internal bulges |
| pseudo knots | Formed when nucleotides with a loop at the end of a stem base pait with a complementary sequence outside that loop forming a second loop and stem |
| Psuedo knot function | Regulate enzymatic cleavage, induce ribosomal frame shifting, mediate viral RNA synthesis and resis host exonucleases. |
| Prokaryotic viruses (bateriophages) | Predominantly feature double stranded DNA genomes |
| Fungal viruses | Tend to posses double stranded RNA genomes |
| Plant viruses | Frequently posses single stranded RNA genomes |
| Class 1 | dsDNA --> mRNA |
| Class 2 | ssDNA --> dsDNA --> mRNA |
| Class 3 | dsRNA --> mRNA |
| Class 4 | (+) ssRNA --> (-) ssRNA --> mRNA |
| Class 5 | (-) ssRNA --> mRNA |
| Class 6 | (+) ssRNA --> DNA/RNA hybrid--> dsDNA--> mRNA |
| Class 7 | dsDNA--> ssRNA--> mRNA |
| DNA dependent DNA polymerases | Replicates DNA genomes |
| RNA dependent RNA polymerases | Transcribes RNA from RNA templates |
| Reverse transcriptase | synthesizes cDNA from an RNA template |
| ORF | Open reading Frame: specific section of the viral genome that encodes proteins |
| UTRs | Direct and regulate translation |
| Hemo | An endogenized retroviral envelope protein produced during early embryonic development to assist immune tolerance or stemness |
| IRES 2 | Form complex RNA secondary structures allowing host ribosomes to directly dock and initiate translation internally without a 5' cap |
| NLS | Nuclear localization signal- Recognized by host transport machinery t shuttle cytoplasmic viral proteins into nucleus |
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