Question 1

international
Relations (IR)

Accepted Answer

The study of interactions among states and other international actors and the political, economic, security, and institutional forces shaping those relationships.

Question 2

state

Accepted Answer

A political entity with a population, territory, government, and sovereignty. States remain central actors in IR.

Question 3

Sovereignty

Accepted Answer

The principle that a state has authority over its territory and political affairs and is formally independent of external authority

Question 4

Statecraft

Accepted Answer

The instruments governments use to pursue national objectives
internationally, including diplomacy, trade, sanctions, aid, military power, technology, and international institutions

Question 5

National Interest

Accepted Answer

The goals a government seeks to protect or advance internationally, such as security, economic prosperity, influence, or access to resources

Question 6

Levels of analysis

Accepted Answer

Different levels for explaining international outcomes: individual,
domestic/state, and international/systemic.

Question 7

Realism

Accepted Answer

Emphasizes states, power, security, competition, and survival in an international system without a central authority.

Question 8

Liberalism

Accepted Answer

Emphasizes possibilities for cooperation through institutions, trade, interdependence, democracy, and shared interests.

Question 9

Constructivism

Accepted Answer

Emphasizes how ideas, identities, norms, beliefs, and shared meanings shape state interests and international behavior.

Question 10

Anarchy

Accepted Answer

The absence of a central world government above sovereign states. It does not necessarily mean chaos.

Question 11

Balance of power

Accepted Answer

A situation or strategy in which states seek to prevent one actor from becoming overwhelmingly dominant.

Question 12

power

Accepted Answer

The ability to influence actors, choices, relationships, or outcomes

Question 13

Hard power

Accepted Answer

Influence based primarily on coercive material capabilities,
particularly military and economic instruments.

Question 14

soft power

Accepted Answer

The ability to influence others through attraction, legitimacy, values, culture, relationships, and persuasion rather than coercion.

Question 15

Asymmetric power

Accepted Answer

A relationship in which actors possess unequal capabilities, resources, or bargaining positions

Question 16

Institutional Power

Accepted Answer

Influence exercised through the rules, procedures, structures, and decision-making arrangements of institutions.

Question 17

Hegenomy

Accepted Answer

situation in which one state possesses exceptional power and
influence within an international system.

Question 18

Liberal International Order

Accepted Answer

The post-1945 system associated with multilateral institutions,
alliances, relatively open trade, international rules, and strong U.S. leadership.

Question 19

Foreign Policy

Accepted Answer

The goals and strategies through which governments manage
relationships with other states and international actors.

Question 20

Rational Actor Model

Accepted Answer

Assumes decision-makers identify objectives, compare alternatives and their costs and benefits, and select the option expected to best achieve their goals.

Question 21

Organizational Process Model

Accepted Answer

Explains decisions partly through established organizational routines, rules, and standard operating procedures.

Question 22

Burucratic Politics Model

Accepted Answer

Views foreign-policy outcomes as partly resulting from bargaining among government actors and agencies with different interests and priorities.

Question 23

Domestic influenced on FP

Accepted Answer

Public opinion, political parties, interest groups, businesses,
institutions, ideology, elections, and leaders can affect international choices.

Question 24

Strategic Interaction

Accepted Answer

A situation in which one actor's best choice depends partly on what it expects other actors to do.

Question 25

Game Theory

Accepted Answer

A tool for analyzing strategic interaction when the choices and
outcomes of actors depend on one another

Question 26

International Institutions

Accepted Answer

Rules and arrangements that structure interactions among international actors

Question 27

Multilateralism

Accepted Answer

Cooperation among three or more states, often through agreed rules or institutions

Question 28

Global Governance

Accepted Answer

The rules, institutions, agreements, and processes through which
international problems are managed without a single world
government.

Question 29

UN

Accepted Answer

A global institution concerned with international peace and security, cooperation, development, human rights, and other international issues.

Question 30

IMF

Accepted Answer

An international financial institution concerned primarily with
monetary cooperation, financial stability, and balance-of payments problems

Question 31

World Bank

Accepted Answer

An international financial institution primarily focused on
development finance and poverty reduction

Question 32

WTO

Accepted Answer

The international institution governing agreed rules for international trade and providing mechanisms for trade negotiations and disputes.

Question 33

Institutional Reform

Accepted Answer

Changing existing rules, representation, voting arrangements, or
practices rather than abandoning an institution

Question 34

Parallel/alternative institutions

Accepted Answer

Institutions created or strengthened to provide additional options outside established global arrangements, including regional development banks and newer multilateral initiatives

Question 35

Globalization

Accepted Answer

Increasing cross-border flows and connections involving trade, finance, production, technology, information, and people

Question 36

Neoliberalism

Accepted Answer

An approach emphasizing markets, trade liberalization, privatization, deregulation, and a reduced direct economic role for the state.

Question 37

Economic Interdependnce

Accepted Answer

A condition in which countries depend on one another through trade, finance, production, technology, resources, or other economic relationships.

Question 38

Asymmetric interdependence

Accepted Answer

Interdependence in which one actor is more dependent than another, potentially creating bargaining power for the less-dependent actor

Question 39

Tariff

Accepted Answer

A tax imposed on imported goods. Tariffs can be used for economic purposes or as instruments of statecraft.

Question 40

Protectionism

Accepted Answer

Government policies designed to protect domestic producers from foreign competition.

Question 41

Economic Statecraft

Accepted Answer

Using economic instruments such as tariffs, sanctions, trade, finance, aid, or market access to pursue foreign-policy objectives.

Question 42

Global Inequality

Accepted Answer

Unequal distribution of income, wealth, opportunities, capabilities, and gains from the global economy within and among countries

Question 43

Technological Power

Accepted Answer

Influence derived from technological capabilities, infrastructure,
knowledge, production, standards, and the ability to deploy technology.

Question 44

Technology Diffusion

Accepted Answer

The spread and adoption of technology across firms, industries,
institutions, and the wider economy.

Question 45

Semiconductor Power

Accepted Answer

Strategic influence associated with controlling important parts of
semiconductor research, design, manufacturing, equipment, or supply chains.

Question 46

Export Controls

Accepted Answer

Government restrictions on the transfer of particular goods or
technologies to other countries or actor

Question 47

Technology governance

Accepted Answer

Rules and institutions governing the development, access, deployment, and use of technologies.

Question 48

Private Tech Power

Accepted Answer

Influence exercised by technology companies and executives whose infrastructure, platforms, knowledge, or resources affect public and international affairs.

Question 49

Intl Security

Accepted Answer

The study of threats, conflict, military power, cooperation, and the ways actors seek to protect themselves and their interests.

Question 50

Security Dilemma

Accepted Answer

A situation in which actions one state takes to increase its security make another state feel threatened, encouraging responses that can leave both less secure.

Question 51

Arms Race

Accepted Answer

Competitive accumulation or improvement of military capabilities by rival actors.

Question 52

Deterrence

Accepted Answer

Attempting to prevent another actor from taking an action by
convincing it that the costs will outweigh the benefits.

Question 53

Compellence

Accepted Answer

Attempting to make another actor take, stop, or reverse an action.

Question 54

Credibility

Accepted Answer

Whether another actor believes that a stated threat or commitment will actually be carried out.

Question 55

Nuclear Deterrence

Accepted Answer

Using the threat of nuclear retaliation to discourage attack.

Question 56

Second-strike capabilities

Accepted Answer

The ability to survive a nuclear attack and still retaliate effectively.

Question 57

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

Accepted Answer

A condition in which opposing nuclear powers can inflict
unacceptable destruction on each other even after being attacked

Question 58

Arms Control

Accepted Answer

Agreements and mechanisms intended to limit weapons, reduce
uncertainty, manage competition, and lower risks of escalation.

Question 59

Unipolarity

Accepted Answer

An international system dominated by one major center of power.

Question 60

Bipolarity

Accepted Answer

An international system dominated by two major centers of power.

Question 61

Multipolarity

Accepted Answer

An international system in which significant power is distributed among several major centers.

Question 62

American Primacy

Accepted Answer

The exceptional position the United States has held in military, economic, financial, technological, diplomatic, and institutional power, particularly since the end of the Cold War.

Question 63

Strategic Autonomy

Accepted Answer

The capacity of a state or group of states to pursue its interests without excessive dependence on another major power.

Question 64

Multi-alignment

Accepted Answer

Maintaining relationships with several competing powers rather than permanently aligning with one bloc

Question	Answer
international Relations (IR)	The study of interactions among states and other international actors and the political, economic, security, and institutional forces shaping those relationships.
state	A political entity with a population, territory, government, and sovereignty. States remain central actors in IR.
Sovereignty	The principle that a state has authority over its territory and political affairs and is formally independent of external authority
Statecraft	The instruments governments use to pursue national objectives internationally, including diplomacy, trade, sanctions, aid, military power, technology, and international institutions
National Interest	The goals a government seeks to protect or advance internationally, such as security, economic prosperity, influence, or access to resources
Levels of analysis	Different levels for explaining international outcomes: individual, domestic/state, and international/systemic.
Realism	Emphasizes states, power, security, competition, and survival in an international system without a central authority.
Liberalism	Emphasizes possibilities for cooperation through institutions, trade, interdependence, democracy, and shared interests.
Constructivism	Emphasizes how ideas, identities, norms, beliefs, and shared meanings shape state interests and international behavior.
Anarchy	The absence of a central world government above sovereign states. It does not necessarily mean chaos.
Balance of power	A situation or strategy in which states seek to prevent one actor from becoming overwhelmingly dominant.
power	The ability to influence actors, choices, relationships, or outcomes
Hard power	Influence based primarily on coercive material capabilities, particularly military and economic instruments.
soft power	The ability to influence others through attraction, legitimacy, values, culture, relationships, and persuasion rather than coercion.
Asymmetric power	A relationship in which actors possess unequal capabilities, resources, or bargaining positions
Institutional Power	Influence exercised through the rules, procedures, structures, and decision-making arrangements of institutions.
Hegenomy	situation in which one state possesses exceptional power and influence within an international system.
Liberal International Order	The post-1945 system associated with multilateral institutions, alliances, relatively open trade, international rules, and strong U.S. leadership.
Foreign Policy	The goals and strategies through which governments manage relationships with other states and international actors.
Rational Actor Model	Assumes decision-makers identify objectives, compare alternatives and their costs and benefits, and select the option expected to best achieve their goals.
Organizational Process Model	Explains decisions partly through established organizational routines, rules, and standard operating procedures.
Burucratic Politics Model	Views foreign-policy outcomes as partly resulting from bargaining among government actors and agencies with different interests and priorities.
Domestic influenced on FP	Public opinion, political parties, interest groups, businesses, institutions, ideology, elections, and leaders can affect international choices.
Strategic Interaction	A situation in which one actor's best choice depends partly on what it expects other actors to do.
Game Theory	A tool for analyzing strategic interaction when the choices and outcomes of actors depend on one another
International Institutions	Rules and arrangements that structure interactions among international actors
Multilateralism	Cooperation among three or more states, often through agreed rules or institutions
Global Governance	The rules, institutions, agreements, and processes through which international problems are managed without a single world government.
UN	A global institution concerned with international peace and security, cooperation, development, human rights, and other international issues.
IMF	An international financial institution concerned primarily with monetary cooperation, financial stability, and balance-of payments problems
World Bank	An international financial institution primarily focused on development finance and poverty reduction
WTO	The international institution governing agreed rules for international trade and providing mechanisms for trade negotiations and disputes.
Institutional Reform	Changing existing rules, representation, voting arrangements, or practices rather than abandoning an institution
Parallel/alternative institutions	Institutions created or strengthened to provide additional options outside established global arrangements, including regional development banks and newer multilateral initiatives
Globalization	Increasing cross-border flows and connections involving trade, finance, production, technology, information, and people
Neoliberalism	An approach emphasizing markets, trade liberalization, privatization, deregulation, and a reduced direct economic role for the state.
Economic Interdependnce	A condition in which countries depend on one another through trade, finance, production, technology, resources, or other economic relationships.
Asymmetric interdependence	Interdependence in which one actor is more dependent than another, potentially creating bargaining power for the less-dependent actor
Tariff	A tax imposed on imported goods. Tariffs can be used for economic purposes or as instruments of statecraft.
Protectionism	Government policies designed to protect domestic producers from foreign competition.
Economic Statecraft	Using economic instruments such as tariffs, sanctions, trade, finance, aid, or market access to pursue foreign-policy objectives.
Global Inequality	Unequal distribution of income, wealth, opportunities, capabilities, and gains from the global economy within and among countries
Technological Power	Influence derived from technological capabilities, infrastructure, knowledge, production, standards, and the ability to deploy technology.
Technology Diffusion	The spread and adoption of technology across firms, industries, institutions, and the wider economy.
Semiconductor Power	Strategic influence associated with controlling important parts of semiconductor research, design, manufacturing, equipment, or supply chains.
Export Controls	Government restrictions on the transfer of particular goods or technologies to other countries or actor
Technology governance	Rules and institutions governing the development, access, deployment, and use of technologies.
Private Tech Power	Influence exercised by technology companies and executives whose infrastructure, platforms, knowledge, or resources affect public and international affairs.
Intl Security	The study of threats, conflict, military power, cooperation, and the ways actors seek to protect themselves and their interests.
Security Dilemma	A situation in which actions one state takes to increase its security make another state feel threatened, encouraging responses that can leave both less secure.
Arms Race	Competitive accumulation or improvement of military capabilities by rival actors.
Deterrence	Attempting to prevent another actor from taking an action by convincing it that the costs will outweigh the benefits.
Compellence	Attempting to make another actor take, stop, or reverse an action.
Credibility	Whether another actor believes that a stated threat or commitment will actually be carried out.
Nuclear Deterrence	Using the threat of nuclear retaliation to discourage attack.
Second-strike capabilities	The ability to survive a nuclear attack and still retaliate effectively.
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)	A condition in which opposing nuclear powers can inflict unacceptable destruction on each other even after being attacked
Arms Control	Agreements and mechanisms intended to limit weapons, reduce uncertainty, manage competition, and lower risks of escalation.
Unipolarity	An international system dominated by one major center of power.
Bipolarity	An international system dominated by two major centers of power.
Multipolarity	An international system in which significant power is distributed among several major centers.
American Primacy	The exceptional position the United States has held in military, economic, financial, technological, diplomatic, and institutional power, particularly since the end of the Cold War.
Strategic Autonomy	The capacity of a state or group of states to pursue its interests without excessive dependence on another major power.
Multi-alignment	Maintaining relationships with several competing powers rather than permanently aligning with one bloc
BRICS+	An expanded grouping of emerging and developing states seeking greater cooperation and influence in global affairs, although its members do not necessarily share identical interests.
Global South	A broad term for developing and emerging countries, but not a single unified political actor
Institutional Fragmentation	A situation in which international cooperation increasingly occurs through multiple, overlapping, and sometimes competing institutions and arrangements.
Multi-Order World	The possibility that several different international orders, institutions, and governing arrangements may coexist rather than one universal order dominating the international system.

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IR Final