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Chapter 1 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is abnormal psychology? | Study of abnormal behavior and psychological disorders. |
| What are the 6 criteria for abnormal behavior? | Unusualness, social deviance, faulty perceptions or interpretations, significant personal distress, maladaptive behavior, and dangerousness. |
| Which abnormality criteria can be sufficient by themselves? | Faulty perceptions or interpretations and significant personal distress. |
| What is comorbidity? | Having two or more psychological disorders at the same time. |
| What is lifetime prevalence of psychological disorders among U.S. adults? | About 1 in 2. |
| What is current or past-year prevalence among U.S. adults? | More than 1 in 5. |
| Which age group has especially high rates of psychological disorders? | Young adults ages 18 to 25. |
| How do ages 18 to 25 compare with adults over 50? | Young adults have about twice the rate of psychological disorders. |
| What are 4 common types of mental disorders from Chapter 1? | Anxiety, mood, autism spectrum, and schizophrenia. |
| How can culture affect psychological disorders? | Culture can influence symptoms and how distress is expressed and interpreted. |
| How may distress be expressed in some East Asian cultures? | More through physical symptoms. |
| What is trephination? | Cutting holes in the skull, historically believed to release evil spirits. |
| What is the demonological model? | The belief that abnormal behavior is caused by supernatural forces. |
| Who argued abnormal behavior could have natural causes? | Hippocrates. |
| What did Hippocrates believe caused abnormal behavior? | Imbalances in bodily humors. |
| What humor did Hippocrates associate with depression or moodiness? | Black bile. |
| Who initiated the unchaining of patients at La Bicêtre? | Jean-Baptiste Pussin. |
| What did Philippe Pinel advocate? | Humane treatment of people with mental disorders. |
| What did Dorothea Dix advocate? | Better treatment and facilities for people with mental disorders. |
| Who helped establish the medical model of mental disorders? | Emil Kraepelin. |
| What was dementia praecox later called? | Schizophrenia. |
| What was manic-depressive insanity later called? | Bipolar disorder. |
| What does the biological perspective emphasize? | Brain abnormalities, genetics, neurotransmitters, and other biological factors. |
| What does the psychodynamic perspective emphasize? | Unconscious psychological forces and conflicts. |
| Who developed the psychodynamic perspective? | Sigmund Freud. |
| What does the learning perspective emphasize? | Abnormal behavior can be learned. |
| What does the humanistic perspective emphasize? | Personal growth, authenticity, and self-actualization. |
| What does the cognitive perspective emphasize? | Distorted or self-defeating thinking. |
| What does the sociocultural perspective emphasize? | Social and cultural influences on behavior. |
| What does the biopsychosocial perspective emphasize? | Interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. |
| What is catharsis? | Release of emotional tension through expressing suppressed feelings. |
| How did treatment of severe mental disorders change? | Care shifted from state hospitals toward community-based treatment. |
| What is deinstitutionalization? | Moving people with severe disorders out of state hospitals into community care. |
| What problem followed deinstitutionalization? | Community support was often inadequate. |
| What major Chapter 1 case studies were associated with Freud? | Anna O. and Leonardo da Vinci. |
| What are the 4 major goals of scientific research? | Description, explanation, prediction, and control. |
| What is naturalistic observation? | Observing behavior in its natural setting without manipulating it. |
| What is correlation? | A statistical relationship between variables. |
| Does correlation prove causation? | No. |
| What is a longitudinal study? | A study that follows participants over an extended period. |
| What is an experiment? | Research in which a variable is manipulated and its effects are measured. |
| What is an independent variable? | The variable manipulated by the researcher. |
| What is a dependent variable? | The outcome measured by the researcher. |
| What is a control group? | A comparison group that does not receive the experimental treatment. |
| What is random assignment? | Assigning participants to groups by chance. |
| Why is random assignment important? | It reduces systematic differences between groups. |
| What is a placebo? | An inactive treatment made to resemble the real treatment. |
| What is a blind study? | Participants do not know which treatment condition they receive. |
| What is internal validity? | How well a study supports conclusions about cause and effect. |
| What is external validity? | How well findings generalize beyond the study. |
| What is construct validity? | How well a study measures the concept it is supposed to measure. |
| What is replication? | Repeating a study to see whether the findings can be reproduced. |
| What is epidemiology? | The study of the distribution of disorders in populations. |
| What is incidence? | The number of new cases occurring during a period. |
| What is prevalence? | The total number or proportion of existing cases. |
| What is a population? | The entire group researchers want to study. |
| What is a sample? | A smaller group selected from a population. |
| What is random sampling? | Selecting participants so members of the population have a chance of being included. |
| What is a case study? | An in-depth investigation of one person. |
| What is a kinship study? | A study examining disorder patterns among biological relatives. |
| What is a proband? | The person whose family history is examined in a kinship study. |
| What are monozygotic twins? | Identical twins. |
| What are dizygotic twins? | Fraternal twins. |
| What is concordance? | The degree to which relatives share the same trait or disorder. |
| What is genotype? | A person's genetic makeup. |
| What is phenotype? | Observable characteristics resulting from genes and environment. |
| What is a genetic predisposition? | An inherited vulnerability that increases risk but does not guarantee a disorder. |
| What is a single-case experimental design? | A design examining changes in one person across conditions. |
| What is an A-B-A-B design? | Baseline, treatment, baseline, treatment. |
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