Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
3.3 UNPRINTED
Sociology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functionalists view on family function | Family is key to society. Nuclear structure is best for this and exists in most societies making it universal. |
| Functionalist theorist Murdock | Sexual function (sexual relationships) Reproductive function (raising kids) Economic function (providing needs for family + larger economy by work/consumption) Educational function |
| Functionalist theorist Talcott Parsons | Primary socialisation (first teachers are parents, who pass down values/beliefs etc. of society) Stabilisation of adult personalities (Security and emotional support, 'Warm Bath' theory, instils personal responsibility, self-discipline + self-control) |
| Warm Bath theory | Man provided comfort after work |
| Marxists view on family functions | Maintain class inequality and help Bourgeoisie. |
| Bourgeoisie | Ruling class |
| Marxist theorist Zaretsky | Helps Bourgeoisie by: Inheritance (wealth kept in working class) Consumerism (profits to Bourgeoisie) Socialisation (accept sociatal roles) Women (complete unpaid domestic labor + emotional support to exploited men so men can work) |
| Feminism view of family function | Maintains patriarchal society. Women expected to prioritise family. |
| Feminist theorists Delphy + Leonard | Nuclear structure is not natural and is male controlled |
| family forms | Nuclear, extended, reconstituted, lone parent, single-sex |
| Nuclear family | Traditional form - basic unit of social organisation Married couples and biological/adopted children Small size and close emotional bonds |
| Extended family | Multiple generations living near or with each other Parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins. Common particularly in non-Western societies where multiple generations share resources |
| Reconstituted family | One or both partners have children from a previous relationship within the family unit. Step-parents, step-siblings, half-siblings |
| Lone parent family | Single parent who raises children alone More common in modern societies Result of divorce, separation or never being married |
| SIngle-sex family | Parent members are of the same sex More common with acceptance and assisted reproductive technology |
| Family forms in UK compared to other countries (extended family) | Most families in UK live in separate households, unlike African and Asian households where many generations live together. Allows shared resources, responsibilities, community and support. |
| Family forms in UK compared to other countries (communes) | Some cultures (e.g. USA in 60s and 70s) lived in groups of people (communes) often based on shared beliefs and values. |
| Family forms in UK compared to other countries (gender roles) | Previously in the UK, men were breadwinners and women were housewives (though this is changing now). In the Caribbean, either sex can be head of the household. |
| Family forms in UK compared to other countries (same-sex family) | More accepted in UK, but in other parts of the world these are not allowed (e.g. African and Middle Eastern countries). |
| Family forms in UK compared to other countries (single-parent family) | increasingly common in UK, but less than in other countries (in USA is about 25% r single-parent, and can be very common in countries prone to diseases) |
| Family forms in UK compared to other countries (one-child family) | In China, 1979, the one child policy aimed to control population. Families with one child received benefits; those who didn’t had penalties (e.g. forced abortion/sterilization, and unemployment). This led to an aging population, and by 2016 it was lifted. |
| Family Diversity | Rappoports were the first to see this change and saw it positively (unlike functionalists). They saw a ‘postmodern’ future with more choice over family. They argued family diversity is caused by individual choices, social, economic and political factors. |
| Rapoports causes of family diversity (Organisational diversity) | decline of marriage and increase in divorce and differences in work |
| Rapoports causes of family diversity (Cultural diversity) | Migration to UK leads to different cultural, ethnicities, religious beliefs, marriage types and family practices |
| Rapoports causes of family diversity (Social class diversity) | Social class affects resources, values and behaviours |
| Rapoports causes of family diversity (Life cycle diversity) | different structures as you move through life |
| Rapoports causes of family diversity (Cohory diversity) | changes due to events and attitudes and laws. (e.g. WW2 leading to lone-parent) |
| Domestic division of labour | the way in which domestic tasks and responsibilities are divided within a family. Traditional families: clear segregation of responsibilities between men and women Contemporary families: becoming equal due to changing gender roles (both partners work) |
| views of Domestic division of labour | Functionalists: domestic division of labour is important for family and society and the traditional roles should be kept. Feminists: it is a form of gender oppression. Marxists: result of power struggles in the family and maintains class structures |
| Conjugal roles | characteristics and duties taken on by individuals in a marriage |
| Joint Conjugal roles | domestic and economic responsibilities are shared equally. Decision-making power tends to be split equally and a common goal is worked for |
| Segregated Conjugal roles | domestic and economic responsibilities are separate. One partner typically is the breadwinner and the other is the caretaker. Decision making power is generally in one power |
| Functionalist views on conjugal roles | the segregated conjugal relationship is natural and efficient, and typical gender roles within it are based on biology. (e.g. men as breadwinner ‘instrumental role’ and women as caregiver ‘expressive role’) |
| Feminists views on conjugal roles | the traditional gender roles within conjugal roles are patriarchal and oppressive. They believe that these roles are socially constructed, and want a more equal distribution of responsibilities |
| Markxists views on conjugal roles | traditional gender roles are a result of social constructs and maintain the class system by reproducing the labour force.They believe that by not having to do domestic roles, men have more time to work |
| Impacts on conjugal roles in a contemporary family | Decision making Money management Dual career families Child rearing Leisure activities |
| Decision making (Impacts on conjugal roles in a contemporary family) | In traditional families the male tends to make the decisions. In contemporary families it is becoming more equal, which may lead to conflicts or disagreements between partners. |
| Money management (Impacts on conjugal roles in a contemporary family) | In traditional families the male tends to make the money. In contemporary families, both partners are likely to earn money. This can lead to conflict over financial management, or if one contributed more than the other. |
| Dual career families (Impacts on conjugal roles in a contemporary family) | More common in the contrary families, with both partners working. This can lead to challenges in balancing work and family care, and conflicts over child.household management.v |
| Child rearing (Impacts on conjugal roles in a contemporary family) | In traditional families, the female partner would be responsible. In contemporary families both parents are likely to be involved. This can lead to conflict over parenting styles and decisions. |
| Leisure activities (Impacts on conjugal roles in a contemporary family) | In traditional families, the male was responsible for this. In contemporary families they are equal. This can lead to conflicts of interest or approaches to leisure activities. |
| Ann Oakley | feminist sociologist Believes nuclear family limits education, employment + personal development Believes women doing paid work do domestic labour so effectively do two jobs Wants new forms as traditional is unnatural so new is possible and necessary |
| Symmetrical family | Willmott + Young (1970s) Argue industrial families more likely to have equal gender responsabilities, contrasting traditional functionalists As women enter the workforce, division of labour in families becomes complex + roles are shared equally |
| Stratifies diffusion | Willmott + Young. Changes in family patterns and gender roles tend to spread from the upper and middle classes to the working classes over time. |
| Relationships within families over time | These have changed over time, reflecting social and economic changes. |
| Pre-industrial (Relationships within families over time) | Large, extended families that lived and worked together Roles split based on capabilities Children were ‘mini adults’ who work when physically capable The family in charge of healthcare, education + member welfare Social mobility was rare |
| Industrial (Relationships within families over time) | Migration+nuclear Laws prevent women work + became responsible for socialisation of children + emotional/physical care Women+kids were ‘dependents’ Kids vulnerable+received education Healthcare=NHS Social mobility difficult depending on fathers job |
| Contemporary (Relationships within families over time) | Nuclear family is less prominent and gender roles within families are more equal Different family structures are more accepted Kids are vulnerable + have laws to protect them, with families being very child focused Social mobility is easier to achieve |
| Social mobility | Moving up or down a social class |
| Functionalist view (Relationships within families over time) | Childhood is improving as they become ‘objects of consumption’ (bring parents pleasure + pride so resources + time invested in child) rather than previous ‘unit of production' Laws make children safer, happier, and more valued |
| Feminist view (Relationships within families over time) | Family is a site of oppression for women Childhood is when kids are socialised to accept their roles in society. Girls learn their roles by observing the exploitation of their mothers. Feminists argue that the family should change along with society |
| Marxist view (Relationships within families over time) | Family reflects larger capitalist society + changes reflect changes in economy + class relations Kids suffer to capitalist society (e.g. poverty, neglect + abuse) Profit driven so kids suffer to low wages + frustrated parents with financial worry |
| Contemporary family related issue | Responsibility of parents Quality of parenting Relationships between teens and adults Care of the disabled/elderly Arranged marriage |
| Responsibility of parents (Contemporary family related issue) | Children are viewed as more vulnerable, and now rely on parents until they leave school at 18 |
| Quality of parenting (Contemporary family related issue) | No right way Permissive styles = no self-discipline Authoritarian styles = no self-esteem Parent replaced by peers, teachers+‘electronic babysitters’ (tech) More tech=less control+harmful content Too much control e.g.money, curfew |
| Relationships between teens and adults (Contemporary family related issue) | There is lots of conflict, with teens struggling to gain independence and adults struggling to let go. Some studies say that parental involvement can have negative effects on mental health |
| Care of the disabled/elderly (Contemporary family related issue) | Financial, emotional and physical support. With an aging population, this strain on family and healthcare systems will increase |
| Arranged marriage (Contemporary family related issue) | Where parents or 3rd parties arrange a marriage. SOme say these lead to stable relationships, others say they limit freedom and lead to dissatisfaction |
| Criticisms of families | Isolation and unrealistic idealisation Loss of traditional functions Lack of contact with wider kinship networks The status and role of women within families Marital breakdown Dysfunctional families |
| Isolation and unrealistic idealisation (Criticisms of families) | Some members can have unrealistic expectations of relationships + other members (e.g. child feels parents have unrealistic expectations of academic performance) Pressure can be negative + family can mean neglect of other forms of family/community support |
| Loss of traditional functions (Criticisms of families) | Traditional functions of the family (e.g. economic support and socialisation) have been taken over by other institutions and families have less purpose |
| Lack of contact with wider kinship networks (Criticisms of families) | Geographical distance and focus on nuclear family have led to less contact with extended family, which can lead to isolation (point 1) |
| The status and role of women within families (Criticisms of families) | Traditional gender roles in families can be oppressive to women |
| Marital breakdown (Criticisms of families) | Around 1 in 3 marriages end in divorce. This may lead to increased poverty and mental health problems |
| Dysfunctional families (Criticisms of families) | Some families may be characterised by neglect, abuse and domestic violence, which has a negative impact on physical, mental and emotional wellbeing of members |
| Functionalists (Criticisms of families) | generally believe the family is positive, but see that children may become ‘emotional scapegoats’ for parents to unload stress onto |
| Marxists (e.g. Zartsky) (Criticisms of families) | argue the family cannot care for the psychological and social needs of its members, instead it supports capitalism which has a negative impact on members |
| Feminists (e.g. Delphy and Leonard) (Criticisms of families) | positive view of families hides the unhappiness felt by women. The family is key to upholding patriarchy. WOmen are twice as likely as men to experience domestic abuse |
| Pattern of divorce in Britain (ENgland + Wales)since 1945 | steady increase rate, higher in youn |
| 1945 divorce rates | around 9 per 100,000 |
| 1964 divorce rates | around 18 per 100,000 |
| 1993 divorce rates | around 16 per 1000 (married population) |
| 21st century divorce rates | it has fluctuated around 11.5 per 1000 married population |
| Office of National Statistics (ONS) divorce rates | there were 101669 divorces granted in 2020 |
| 2020 marriage for divorce length | average length of marriage for divorce was 12.7 years |
| Factors of the rise in divorce since 1945 | Changes in law Changes in social attitudes and values Secularisation Changes in the status of women in society |
| Changes in law (Factors of the rise in divorce since 1945) | Prior to 1969, divorce was only possible by proving that one spouse was at fault. Divorce Reform Act of 1969 allowed no-fault divorce, so couples only stated that the marriage had broken down irretrievably. This made it easier to obtain a divorce. |
| Changes in social attitudes and values (Factors of the rise in divorce since 1945) | Traditional values and beliefs about marriage being a life long commitment has been replaced by a desire for happiness and fulfilment in an individual’s life. |
| Secularisation (Factors of the rise in divorce since 1945) | Traditional values and beliefs about marriage have been challenged |
| Changes in the status of women in society (Factors of the rise in divorce since 1945) | As women have more money and education and employment, they don't need to tolerate unhappy or unwilling marriages |
| Functionalist view on divorce | divorce is a negative consequence of the breakdown of social institutions such as the family. They would argue that the rise in divorce is a sign of a less functioning society. However, they do see that divorce shows a decrease in dysfunctional families. |
| Feminists view on divorce | Result of patriarchal social structures that limit women's opportunities. Rise in lone parent families result of lack of support for women raising kids on own. Women may not feel happy in marriage, more than men, so now divorce is positive as an escape |
| Marxists view on divorce | Result of capitalist economic system. Society is based on economic inequality and class conflict which can lead to family breakdown. Rise in lone parent families is a result of the capitalist system's failure to provide support for working-class families |
| Husband and wife (consequences of divorce) | Traumatic, stressful experience. Can lead to grief, loss, emotional turmoil, financial stress, uncertainty, loss of companionship. There may be difficulties with co-parenting and child relations |
| CHildren (consequences of divorce) | Disrupt sense of security + stability. May be hard to adjust + may feel abandoned. May struggle w/ parents emotional turmoil. Children of divorced parents more likely to experience behavioural, academic, social + emotional problems |
| Extended family members (consequences of divorce) | May have to support emotional and financial support, may feel loss or disruption. |
| Increase in lone-parent families (consequences of divorce) | These are more likely to experience financial difficulties and live in poverty. May struggle in raising children on their own, and feelings of isolation and loneliness |
Created by:
FlashCardFun!