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BIO132 Exam 1 KP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atoms that make up 99% of body atoms | CNHOPS |
| valency | # unpaired VE |
| Electronegativty trend | increases as PT goes right and down |
| Why water universal solvent/special? | small size, bent shape, highly polar covalent bond, denser as liquid then solid |
| Cohesion: | attraction between like moelcules |
| Adhesion | attraction between different but complementary molecules |
| Role of hydrogen bonding in secondary protein structure | forms either alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet structure by bonding between carbonyl groups and NH3 groups |
| peptide bond formation | condensation rxn: carboxyl group + amino group = peptide bond +H20 |
| Protein primary structure | linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds w/ R groups etc. |
| Protein tertiary structure | 3D spatial conformation driven by R-group interactions |
| R-group interactions | Hydrophobic interior packing (&van der Walls): water forces hydrophobic side chains together/ weak electrical interactions between hydrophobic side chains Ionic bonds: form between atoms with full opp. charges H-bonds covalent disulfide bridges: -S-S- |
| Protein quatenary structure | multi-subunit assembly of 2 or more folded polypeptide chains into a functional complex |
| Denaturation | Unfolding and loss of 3D functional conformation without breaking primary covalent peptide bonds |
| Nucleotide monomer componenets | three-part monomer containing a pentose sugar, a N base and a phosphate group |
| Ribose vs deoxyribose | different pentose sugar composition 2'-OH in ribose and 2'-H in deoxyribose |
| Nitrogenous bases | Purines: double ring; Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: single ring; Cytosine and Thymine in DNA, Uracil in RNA |
| Phosphodiester linkages | covalent 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds linking adjacent nucleotides into a sugar-phosphate backbone |
| Monosaccharide and disaccharide chemistry | Hexose vs pentose sugars; disaccharide synthesis via covalent glycosidic linkages (e.g. lactose= glucose + galactose) |
| Storage polysaccharides | starch (amylose/amlyopectin) in plants and glycogen in animals (alpha-glycosidic linkages) |
| Structural polysaccharides | cellulose in plant cell walls (beta-1, 4 glycosidic linkages, insoluble fiber in human digestion) and chitin in arthropod exoskeletons/fungi |
| Major lipid classes | triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids), Phospholipids, and steroids (e.g. cholesterol) |
| Fluid0mosaic membrane model | Amphipathic phospholipid bilayer orientation (hydrophilic phosphate heads facing aqueous solution, hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing inward) |
| Regulator of membrane fluidity | effects of hydrocarbon tail saturation, double-bond kinks, temperature, and cholesterol content on bilayer permaeability |
| Membraine protein classes | Integral/transmembrane proteins vs. peripheral membrane proteins |
| Integral/transmembrane proteins | proteins that span membrane, have segments facing both interior and exterior surfaces |
| peripheral membrane proteins | bind to membrane lipids without passing through, may be found on interior or exterior of cell |
| central dogma pathway | DNA to RNS to Protein |
| Transcription mechanics & localizzation | RNA Polymerase-catalyzed mRNA synthesis from a DNA template; localized in the eukaryotic nucleus |
| Translation mechanics and localization | Ribosome-catalyzed protein synthesis using mRNA codons; localized in the eukaryotic cytoplasm |
| Genetic code properties | Triplet mRNA codons; code characteristics (reduntant/degenerate, unambiguous, universal, non-overlapping, conservative |
| One-gene-one-enzyme-hypothesis | Beadle and Tatum's sing gene mutation screening to map metabolic pathways |
| RNA base pairs | A U G C |
| What can vary between monosaccharides | the number of carbon atoms NOT: presence of carbonyl, hydroxyl, or sulfur groups |
| Why does cholesterol decrease permeability of biological membranes | because cholesterol is amphipathic, it fits betwen phospholipids and blocks diffusion through the membrane |
| Electron sharing continuum | Equal sharing ----> complete electron transfer Nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, ionic Strongest------> weakest Polar covalentk, nonpolar covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonding (usually) |
| Dimers | proteins w/ 2 polypeptide subunits |
| Homodimers | structures w/ 2 identical subunits |
| heterodimer | different subunits |
| Most elements of protein structure results from folidng of ____ | polypeptide chains |
| Does equilibrium favor monomers or polymers | monomers |
| DNA base pairs | ATGC |
| How do nucleotides polymerize | -from condensation rxn of hydroxyl on sugar and phosphate group -phosphate group (-) adds potential energy and ACTIVATES nucleotide for polymerization |
| DNA double helix shape stabilizes by___ | hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs, hydrophobic interactions and van der waals |
| How DNA reproduces | 1. seperate the 2 DNA strands' H-bonds using heat or enzyme-catalyzed rxn 2. free monomers form H bonds w/ complementary bases on template strand; phosphodiester bonds create complementary strains 3. 2 identical daughter molecules |
| Lipids | catchall term for carbon contains compounds, insoluble in water, high proportion of nonpolar C-C and C-H bonds, dissolve in organic solvents , hydrophobic (mostly) |
| Hydrogenation on lipids | unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid |
Created by:
Slayy