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Heifer reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do heifers need to make milk? | A calf |
| Vagina | Sight of semen deposition during natural mating |
| How are most dairy cows bred? | Artificial Insemination (AI) |
| Cervix | The barrier between the vagina and uterus that only semen can get through |
| Uterus | Hold and make baby |
| Uterine horns | Where the pregnancy develops |
| Most common baby with cows | Singular cow, left or right pregnancy |
| Oviduct | Pathway the egg takes from the ovary to the uterus |
| Ovary | Holds the eggs, has two parts |
| Corpus luteum (CL) | Forms after ovulation, produces progesterone |
| Follicle | Has the egg in it, makes estradiol |
| How many eggs do heifers have in their follicles? | 100,000 |
| Primordial follicles | Eggs that start in a nest on the edge of the ovary |
| Developing follicles | Eggs that begin to develop throughout the cycle |
| Oocyte | Immature female reproductive cell |
| How much semen do bulls produce? | 10,000 sperm every second |
| Why is AI such a good way to breed cows? | Bulls make so much sperm that they can breed many, many heifers without much worry |
| Preovulatory follicle | A follicle with the capacity to ovulate, one way commitment |
| Ovulate | Release egg into oviduct |
| Hormone | A chemical produced by an endocrine gland that travels through the blood and exerts an effect on a target organ |
| How do hormones react to specific cells? | Target receptors |
| FSH | Follicle stimulating hormone, comes from anterior pituitary gland and makes small follicles grow |
| Protein hormones | FSH, LH, has 2 subunits |
| LH | Luteinizing hormone, comes from anterior pituitary gland and causes ovulation in large follicles |
| Progesterone | Comes from CL and is essential for maintaining pregnancy |
| Steroid hormones | Progesterone, estradiol, has a unique molecular shape |
| Estradiol | Comes from follicles, causes GnRH release and LH surge and brings cows into heat |
| GnRH | Comes from neurons in hypothalamus and causes LH and FSH release |
| Peptide hormones | GnRH, short sequence of 10 amino acids |
| Prostaglandin F2a | Comes from uterus and causes corpus luteum to regress and end estrus cycle |
| Eicosanoid | Prostaglandin F2a, a hormone derived from a fatty acid |
| How many cows in America go on injections 7 months before breeding after their first insemination? | 80% |
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