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pharma 2
drug action and handling
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Low dose effect curve | a graph showing the response to the drug with varying dosage |
| Potency | the amount of drug required for an effect |
| efficacy | related to the maximal effect of a drug regardless of dose: is the maximum intensity of effect or response that can be produced by a drug |
| therapeutic action/effect | the intended or desired results |
| therapeutic range | the dosage range, starting with the minimum amount for a therapeutic effect, ending with the larger dosage that creates an adverse effect |
| Therapeutic index (TI) | a number that determines the safety of a drug. the higher the number, the safer the drug |
| Prophylactic | measures or treatments meant to prevent disease before it occurs |
| Receptors | a protein in or on a cell that a drug or natural substance binds to in order to produce an effect on the body |
| Agonist | A drug that binds with a receptor and produces an effect |
| Antagonist | A drug that binds to a receptor without activating it- It blocks/reduces the effect of an agonist |
| Renal | Relating to kidney |
| Hepatic | relating to liver |
| Biotransformation | The body's way of transforming the drug so it can be excreted by the kidneys |
| Tolerance | the need for greater and greater doses to obtain the same effect of a drug |
| Duration | the length of a drug's effect |
| half-life | The amount of time for a drug takes for the blood concentration to fall to half its' original level |
| Median effective dose ED50 | The dose required to produce a clinical effect in 50% of test subjects. A low effective dose is preferred |
| Lethal dose LD50 | The dosage of a drug that produces death in 50% of the population. |
| Enteral | Drugs are placed directly in GI tract, orally or rectally |
| Parenteral | Administered or occurring elsewhere in the body other than the mouth and alimentary canal |
| Absorption | How the drug leaves the route of administration and enters the bloodstream |
| Metabolism | The chemical changes the body makes to a drug, which hopefully ends in being able to be excreted by kidneys |
| distribution | the passage of drugs into various body fluids like plasma, interstitial fluids and intracellular fluids |
| Excretion | the elimination of drugs and metabolites from the body |
| the first pass effect | The first-pass effect occurs when a drug is metabolized (probably by liver) before it reaches the location of therapeutic effect, decreasing the concentration of the drug |
| Passive transfer (of drug molecules) | Lipid soluble drugs pass through lipoprotein cell membranes through simple diffusion-from high concentration to low concentration |
| Active transport (of drug molecules) | Specialized transport- Drug molecules are moved against a concentration gradient- transport carriers use energy to make this happen |
| Facilitated diffusion (of drug molecules) | Drug molecules don't move against a concentration gradient. drugs move into cells through pinocytosis- cells use vesicles to engulf and absorb molecules |
| Phase I reactions - metabolism | 'change it' - most likely by liver- Cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Reactions are mostly Redox reactions or hydrolysis |
| Phase II reactions - metabolism | 'tag it for removal' Reactions add a molecule to drug, making it water soluble so it can be excreted in urine or bile. Reaction is probably conjugation |
| 'bound' drug distribution | drug bound to plasma proteins |
| 'free' drug distribution | drug not bound to plasma proteins |
| Two major barriers to drug distribution | Blood brain barrier, drugs must be lipid soluble an nonionized. Placenta- blocks only some drugs. Lipid soluble drugs pass |
| Route I kidney excretion | glomerular filtration- unchanged drug filters through (most drugs) |
| Route II kidney excretion | active tubular secretion |
| Route III kidney excretion | passive tubular diffusion |
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