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Axial skeleton 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the axial skeleton | The 80 bones that form the central axis of the body |
| What structures make up the axial skeleton | Skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs |
| How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton | 126 bones |
| What structures make up the appendicular skeleton | Shoulder, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, and feet |
| What is a flat bone | A thin, parallel plate of compact bone enclosing spongy bone; provides protection Example: cranial bones |
| What is a long bone | A bone whose length is greater than its width; provides mobility and support Example: femur |
| What is an irregular bone | A bone with a complex shape and different functions Example: vertebra |
| What is a short bone | A cube-shaped bone with nearly equal length and width Example: carpal |
| What is a sesamoid bone | A bone embedded in a tendon Example: patella |
| What are sutural (Wormian) bones | Small bones between joints of some cranial bones; classified by location |
| What is a fissure | A narrow slit that allows passage of blood vessels or nerves |
| What is a foramen | An opening for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments |
| What is a fossa | A shallow depression |
| What is a meatus | A tube-like opening |
| What is a sulcus | A furrow that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon |
| What is a condyle | A rounded projection with a smooth articular surface |
| What is a facet | A smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface |
| What is a head of a bone | A usually rounded articular process supported on a neck |
| What is a crest | A prominent ridge or elongated process |
| What is an epicondyle | A usually roughened projection on a condyle |
| What is a line bone marking | A long, narrow ridge or border that is less prominent than a crest |
| What is a spinous process | A sharp, slender projection |
| What is a trochanter | A very large projection specifically associated with the femur in this course |
| What is a tubercle | A variably sized, rounded projection |
| What is a tuberosity | A variably sized projection with a rough, bumpy surface |
| How many bones are in the skull | 22 bones: 8 cranial and 14 facial |
| What is the function of the cranial bones | They form the cranial cavity and enclose and protect the brain |
| Name the 8 cranial bones | Frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid |
| Name the 14 facial bones | 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 2 maxillae, mandible, vomer, 2 zygomatic, and 2 palatine |
| The suture between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones | |
| What is the sagittal suture | The suture between the two parietal bones |
| What is the lambdoid suture | The suture between the parietal bones and the occipital bone |
| What is the squamous suture | The suture between the parietal and temporal bones |
| What does the frontal bone form | The forehead and roofs of the orbits |
| What frontal bone markings should you know | Supraorbital foramen/notch and margin, frontal squama, frontal crest, and foramen cecum |
| What does the parietal bone form | The sides and roof of the cranial cavity |
| What parietal bone landmarks should you know | Bregma, lambda, pterion, and asterion; also its sagittal, frontal, occipital, and squamous borders |
| What important structures are found on the occipital bone | Foramen magnum, occipital condyles, external occipital protuberance, hypoglossal canal, and superior nuchal line |
| What articulates with the occipital condyles | The atlas (C1), forming the atlanto-occipital joint |
| What structures should you know on the temporal bone | Zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, articular tubercle, mastoid process, external and internal acoustic meatuses, styloid process, carotid canal, stylomastoid foramen, and jugular foramen |
| What structures should you know on the ethmoid bone | Cribriform plate, olfactory foramina, crista galli, perpendicular plate, and superior and middle nasal conchae |
| What structures should you know on the sphenoid bone | Body, sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa, greater and lesser wings, optic canal/foramen, superior orbital fissure, pterygoid process, foramina rotundum, ovale, and spinosum, and foramen lacerum |
| What is the pterion | A skull region involving the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones |
| Why is the pterion clinically important | It is a weak point of the skull; a fracture may rupture the middle meningeal artery and produce an epidural hematoma |
| What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) | The joint where the mandibular condylar process articulates with the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone |
| How many bones form the orbit | Seven bones |
| Name the seven bones that form the orbit | Frontal, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine, sphenoid, and zygomatic |
| What is the hyoid bone | A U-shaped bone that supports the tongue and muscles of the neck and pharynx |
| What makes the hyoid bone unusual | It does not articulate with any other bone; it is suspended from the styloid process |
| What are the three parts of the hyoid | Body, lesser horns, and greater horns |
| What does the maxilla form | The floor of the orbits, parts of the nasal cavity walls and floor, and most of the hard palate |
| Which facial bones does the maxilla articulate with | Every facial bone except the mandible |
| What maxilla structures should you know | Alveolar process, palatine process, infraorbital foramen, incisive foramen, and inferior orbital fissure |
| What is the mandible | The lower jaw |
| What are the main parts of the mandible | Body, two rami, and angle |
| What mandible structures should you know | Condylar process, coronoid process, mandibular notch, alveolar process, mental foramen, and mandibular foramen |
| What are the zygomatic bones | The cheekbones; they form part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and their zygomatic processes contribute to the zygomatic arch |
| What do the nasal bones form | The bridge of the nose |
| What is associated with the lacrimal bones | The lacrimal fossa and lacrimal sac region |
| What do the palatine bones form | The posterior hard palate and parts of the floor of the nasal cavity and orbits |
| Where are the inferior nasal conchae located, and what do they do | Along the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity; they increase the cavity's surface area |
| What does the vomer form | The inferior portion of the bony nasal septum |
| What is the anterior fontanel | The largest fontanel; at the junction of the frontal and parietal bones; closes by about 24 months |
| What is the posterior fontanel | The midline fontanel between the parietal and occipital bones; closes by about 2 months |
| What bones surround the anterolateral fontanel | Frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones; it closes by about 3 months |
| What bones surround the posterolateral fontanel | Parietal, occipital, and temporal bones; it closes by about 12 months |
| How many cervical vertebrae are there | 7 vertebrae (C1-C7) |
| How many thoracic vertebrae are there | 12 vertebrae (T1-T12) |
| How many lumbar vertebrae are there | 5 vertebrae (L1-L5) |
| How many vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum | 5 vertebrae |
| How many small fused vertebrae typically form the coccyx in this study guide | 4 vertebrae |
| How many vertebral bones are in the adult vertebral column according to the guide | 26: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, the sacrum, and the coccyx |
| What is the memory cue for the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebral counts | It's Dinner TIME: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar |
| What are distinguishing features of cervical vertebrae | Smaller vertebrae, larger arches, transverse foramina for vertebral vessels, and bifid spinous processes on C2-C6 |
| What are distinguishing features of thoracic vertebrae | All articulate with ribs; have long, pointed spinous processes and costal facets/demifacets |
| What are distinguishing features of lumbar vertebrae | They are the largest and strongest vertebrae, with short, thick projections |
| What are the main features of the sacrum | Five fused vertebrae; articulates with the pelvic girdle; contains a sacral canal, anterior and posterior sacral foramina, and median sacral crest |
| What is the coccyx | Four small fused vertebrae that articulate with the sacrum |
| What are the four normal adult spinal curves | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral |
| Which spinal curves are secondary and convex | Cervical and lumbar curves |
| Which spinal curves are primary and concave | Thoracic and sacral curves |
| What spinal curve does an infant initially have according to the guide | One single concave curve; additional curves develop as the infant holds up the head, sits, and walks |
| What is the annulus fibrosus | Fibrocartilage surrounding the nucleus pulposus; limits its expansion under compression and binds vertebrae together |
| What is the nucleus pulposus | The central material of an intervertebral disc that provides elasticity and compressibility |
| What is a herniated intervertebral disc | A condition in which the nucleus pulposus is squeezed out of the annulus fibrosus; it commonly occurs in lumbar vertebrae and can compress a spinal nerve root |
| What is the body of a typical vertebra | The thick, disc-shaped anterior portion that bears weight |
| What forms the vertebral arch | The pedicles and laminae |
| What forms the vertebral foramen | The vertebral body and vertebral arch |
| What does the vertebral foramen contain | The spinal cord and blood vessels |
| Where does the spinous process project | Posteriorly from the lamina |
| Where do the transverse processes project | Laterally, one on each side |
| How many superior and inferior articular processes/facets does a typical vertebra have | Two superior and two inferior; they articulate with adjacent vertebrae |
| What is the atlas | C1, the ring-shaped first cervical vertebra; it has no body and has large lateral masses, an anterior arch, and a posterior arch |
| What is the axis | C2, the second cervical vertebra; it has a body and the dens, which is important for rotation |
| What is the dens | The distinguishing projection on the axis (C2), important for rotation of the upper cervical spine |
| What articulates with the superior articular facets of the atlas | The occipital condyles |
| What is the atlanto-occipital joint | The joint formed by the occipital condyles and the atlas (C1) |
| What structures of the atlas should you identify | Anterior arch, posterior arch, transverse process, transverse foramen, vertebral foramen, and superior articular facets |
| What is a transverse foramen | An opening in a cervical vertebra for passage of the vertebral artery and vein, as described in the guide |
| What are costal facets | Articulating surfaces for the heads or tubercles of ribs |
| Which vertebrae articulate with ribs | All thoracic vertebrae, T1-T12 |
| What is a demifacet in the course guide | An articulating surface associated with a rib articulating with two vertebral bodies; T1-T9 are listed this way |
| Which thoracic vertebrae are listed as having a rib articulate with one vertebra | T1 and T10-T12, according to the study guide |
| What are the three parts of the sternum | Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process |
| What is the manubrium | The quadrangular, handle-shaped superior part of the sternum |
| What manubrium landmarks should you know | Suprasternal/jugular notch, clavicular notch, depressions for costal cartilages of ribs 1 and 2, and its contribution to the sternal angle |
| What is another name for the body of the sternum in the lecture | Gladiolus |
| What is the xiphoid process | The inferior part of the sternum |
| How are ribs numbered | Ribs 1-12 are numbered from superior to inferior |
| What size pattern of ribs does the guide describe | Ribs increase in size from 1-7 and decrease in size from 8-12 |
| Where do ribs articulate with vertebrae | At the heads of the ribs with thoracic vertebrae |
| What are true ribs | Ribs 1-7; vertebrosternal ribs that attach directly to the sternum through hyaline costal cartilage |
| What are false ribs | Ribs 8-10; vertebrochondral ribs whose cartilage attaches to the cartilage of rib 7 |
| What are floating ribs | Ribs 11-12; vertebral ribs that are not attached to the sternum |
| Compare true, false, and floating ribs | True: 1-7 attach directly to sternum False: 8-10 attach indirectly through rib 7's cartilage Floating: 11-12 have no sternal attachment |
| What are the six components of the axial skeleton | Skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs |
| What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeletons | Axial: 80 bones in the central axis Appendicular: 126 bones in the shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, and feet |
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