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Joints+Chapter 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| joints | articulations. junctions between opposing bones |
| fibrous joints | dense connective tissue between articulating bones. typically little or no movement. Ex)sutures, fontanels, and gomphoses |
| fontanels | soft spots in baby skull |
| gonphoses | tooth sockets |
| cartilaginous joints | bones bound together with cartilage. slightly moveable. Ex)costal cartilage in ribs, pubis symphysis in pelvis, intervertebral discs |
| synovial joints | most frequent, moves freely. fluid filled space between bones (synovial fluid) |
| synovial fluid | shock absorbing fluid, friction reduction |
| gliding joints | flat bones sliding across each other, very little movement, simplest type. Ex) ends of clavicles, between carpal and tarsal bones, adjacent vertebrae |
| hinge joints | permits movement in one plane like opening of closing of door. Ex) occipital bone and atlas, elbow, knee, between phalanges |
| pivot joint | permits only rotation. Ex) axis and atlas and head of radius and ulna |
| ellipsoidal joint | an oval end nestles into a depression, it permits angular movement. Ex)radius to proximal carpal bones, phlanges with metacarpals and metatarsals-waving hi and bye, and jaw |
| saddle joint | a concave end fits into a convex End of another bone, looks like a rider in a saddle, permits angular motion, Ex)base of thumb |
| ball-and-socket joint | round end of bone rests in cup-shaped depression in another bone. it permits greatest range of motion Ex) shoulder and hip |
| flexion | decrease angle between bones Ex)bending arm |
| extension | increase angle between bones Ex)straightening arm |
| hyper extension | angle is increased beyond normal anatomical position |
| plantar flexion | standing on tip-toes |
| abduction | away from midline |
| adduction | towards midline |
| circumduction | distal end of limb forms circular pattern |
| rotation | moving about an axis Ex)shaking head no |
| pronation | pointing palm downward or posterior |
| supination | turning palm upward or anterior |
| bone type categories | 4 groupings based on shape |
| long bone | greater in length than width. designed to absorb the stress of the body's weight. found in arms, forearms, hands, thighs, legs and feet |
| diaphysis | shaft of bone |
| epiphysis | end of bone. forms joints or articulation with another bone |
| joint | articulaiton |
| articular cartilage | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering bone where joints occurs |
| periosteum | sheet of connective tissue enveloping bone, supplying it with blood and housing osteoblast. aids in bone growth and repair and provides ligaments and tendons a place of attachment |
| compact bone | thick wall of diaphysis that borders large chamber. filled with yellow marrow which is fatty tissue used for energy reserve. thin layer surrounds epiphysis |
| medullary cavity | large chamber |
| yellow marrow | fatty tissue used for energy reserve |
| endosteum | lines interior surface of medullary cavity and extends into spongy bone |
| spongy bone | found in epiphyses. houses red marrow so it can form blood |
| short bones | equal length as width similar to a cube. found at wrists and ankles |
| flat bones | thin and flat. cranium, ribs, and sternum |
| irregular bones | complex shapes. vertebrae and face bones |
| haversian canal | canal where blood vessels run up and down through the bone |
| volkmann's canal | connects haversian canals together. blood vessels run from the haversian canal to periosteum and into endosteum |
| lamellae | ring like structures surrounding haversian canals composed of calcium and phosphate deposits |
| lacunae | small spaces between lamellae which contain osteocytes |
| osteocytes | inactive bone cells |
| osteoblasts | arise from embryonic cells, found in periosteum of adults. 1)produce matrix to harden bone, 2) cement themselves in during times of bone development and become trapped in lacunae and become osteocytes |
| osteoclasts | float around bone tissue secreting a substance to dissolve matrix and break down bone |
| trabeculae | spongy bone lattice causing spaces for red marrow growth |
| bone development and growth | begins during first 2 months of prenatal life. precursor cells migrate to areas where bone will arise |
| intramembranous bones | cells develop between thin sheets of connective tissue |
| endochondral bone | cartilage is produced and will turn into bone |
| intramembranous bones | 1)development begins 5th week of life.2) precursor cells turn into osteoblasts which secrete matrix till they cement themselves and become osteocytes. 3)spongy bone is made first and surrounded by compact bone. 4)flat bones, lower jaw, collar bone |
| endochondral bones | all bones that develop from cartilage. starts around 6th week. all bones except flat bones. |
| chondroblasts | cartilage forming cells |
| interstitial growth | lengthwise growth of bone |
| appositional growth | width growth |
| bone remodeling | even once pituitary gland tells bones to stop growing lengthwise the process of osteoblast deposition and osteoclast absorption continues. |
| bone fractures and repair | results from bone being required to take more stress than it is capable of |
| closed (simple) | fracture does not break through skin |
| open (compound) | broken ends of bone protrude through skin |
| incomplete (partial, fissured) | incomplete break, doesn't break all the way through |
| greenstick | partial fracture, 1 side breaks while the other bends |
| fissured | linear splitting (hairline fracture) |
| complete fracture | complete break of bone, but pieces are still in line |
| transverse | fracture is at 90 degree angle to long axis |
| oblique | fracture is at angle to long axis (diagonal) |
| spiral | fracture is twisted, results from a twisting force during break |
| segmented | complete break of shaft, pieces out of alignment |
| comminuted | splintered into many small fragments ("shattered") |
| displaced | larger bone piece is displaced away from break point |
| compacted/impacted | 1 part of bone is jammed into another part of same bone |
| compression | usually vertebral column |
| Potts fracture | distal fibula |
| colles fracture | distal radius is displaced |
| fracture repair | hematoma formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, remodeling |
| osteoporosis | reduction in bone mass that compromises normal functioning. causes bones to break easily, vertebrae may collapse, affects women after menopause because estrogen levels drop. Treatment: hormone or dietary supplements, and exercise |
| rheumatism | stiffness in the skeletal or muscular system |
| arthiritis | affects synovial joints. always caused by damage to articular cartilage which can be caused by bacterial or viral infection, injury to joint, metabolic problems, or severe physical stresses |
| osteoarthiritis | affects individuals over 60 years of age. results from wear and tear on joint surfaces or genetic factors affecting collagen formation |
| rheumatoid arthiritis | body's immune system attacks joint tissue. only affects 2.5% of adult populaiton |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | inflammation of tissue of the anterior wrist causing pinching of nearby tendons and nerves. painful and loss of wrist mobility |
| giantism | abnormal growth of a child before growth plates have closed. person is in excess of 7ft tall. caused by overproduction of human growth hormones by the pituitary gland, very rare |
| acromegaly | continued growth after "normal" growth has ended abnormally large thick face bones, hands and feet |
| dwarfism | hyposecretion of hGH(human growth hormone) |
| kyphosis | abnormal exaggeration of thoracic spinal curve that creates a hunchback. in elderly it is caused by osteoporosis or degeneration of intervertebral disks |
| lordosis | abnormal lumbar curve of spine that results in a swayback. may result from pregnancy, rickets, or extreme obesity |
| rickets | childhood disorder that leads to the softening of the skeleton. reduced amount of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus in skeleton. caused by lack of vitamin D or sunlight. legs bow under the weight of the upper body |
| scoliosis | abnormal lateral curve of spine. most of the time it is congenital |
| congenical | genetics, something you're born with |
| scurvy | weak, brittle bone resulting from a vitamin C deficiency |
| spina bifida | failure of the vertebrae to enclose spinal cord during development. spinal cord may protrude out of skin. caused by some kind of malfunction during embryonic development of spinal cord |
| sprain | a ligament is stretched to point where some of its fibers are torn |
| paget's disease | uneven osteoclast/osteoblast activity. common in people over 50. localized thinning or thickening of bones |
Created by:
cj422