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HPP 101
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what is the primary goal of physiological systems? | To help maintain homeostasis. |
| List four types of tissue found specifically within the cardiovascular system's organs | Muscle, nervous, endothelial, and connective tissue |
| What specific cell type is identified as a cardiac muscle cell? | Cardiomyocyte |
| The HuBMAP program, sponsored by the NIH | Human BioMolecular Atlas Program |
| What is the primary objective of the HuBMAP consortium | To develop a framework for mapping the human body at single-cell resolution |
| mitochondria is an example of what | an organelle |
| What term describes scientific experimentation conducted within a living organism? | In Vivo |
| scientific experimentation conducted in a test tube | In vitro |
| in situ | experiment preformed In its original place or position |
| in silico | An experiment or simulation performed via a computer. |
| Negative Control | A group that does not receive experimental manipulation, such as a group receiving a placebo. |
| Positive Control | use a known manipulation that generates an expected result to test the validity |
| biological organization of the heart, what is the role of the 'vasculature'? | It serves as the 'organs' or structural pathways of the cardiovascular system alongside the heart |
| Which organ system includes the skin and serves as the body's outer protective layer? | Integumentary system |
| pure substance | A substance containing only one type of atom |
| Which four elements constitute 95% of the atoms in living organisms | Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen |
| atom to have a net neutral charge, | equal number of protons and the number of electrons. |
| What process occurs when an unstable isotope releases energy to reach a more stable state | Radiation emissions |
| The use of doubly labeled water, allows physiologists to track what specific metabolic metric? | Human energy expenditure |
| Which analytical tool is used to detect the mass differences between isotopes in biopsy samples? | Mass Spectrometry |
| Nonpolar | equal sharing of electrons |
| polar | unequal sharing of electrons |
| Electronegativity | an atom's ability to attract electrons toward itself |
| where are hydrogen bonds commonly found besides between water molecules | DNA and protein structures. |
| Ion Pair (Salt Bridge) | Electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged groups, common in protein interactions. |
| Hydrophobic | low water solubility, Water-fearing' molecules that tend to be non-polar |
| Which biological structure is formed specifically by the arrangement of hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads | Lipid bilayer |
| Name three biological processes where hydrophobic interactions are critically important. | Protein folding, lipid bilayer formation, and digestion of dietary lipids by bile. |
| How many standard amino acids are used to build proteins? | 20 |
| What are the three components that make up every amino acid? | Amino group (N-terminus), Carboxylic group (C-terminus), and an R-group (side chain) |
| Which part of an amino acid is unique and determines its specific chemical characteristics | The R-group (side chain). |
| Name two amino acids classified as having a negative charge (− charge) | Aspartic Acid and Glutamic Acid |
| Name three amino acids classified as having a positive charge | Lysine, Arginine, and Histidine |
| Primary Protein Structure | The specific linear sequence or order of amino acids in a protein |
| Peptide bond | s a type of covalent intramolecular bond that links the C-terminus of one amino acid to the N-terminus of another. |
| What byproduct is released during the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids | Water (H20 |
| are protein primary structures held together by covalent bonds or ionic bonds? | Covalent bonds are more stable in the aqueous and ion-rich environment of a cell |
| which tissue has a higher turnover rate organ tissue or muscle tissue | organ tissue has a turnover rate of approximately 50% per day |
| cation | pawwwsitive , When it loses an electron and becomes positively charged. |
| anion | When it gains an electron and becomes negatively charged |
| In a DNA double helix, what holds the base pairs together? | Hydrogen bonds |
| What term is used to describe the backbone of a DNA strand | Sugar-phosphate backbone |
| Which specific component of an amino acid is unique for each of the 20 standard varieties and dictates its chemical characteristics | The R-group (side chain) |
| the four primary elements that constitute amino acids | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen |
| A peptide bond is a specific type of covalent bond that links which two atoms together | Carbon and Nitrogen |
| A polypeptide has | 50 amino acids or more |
| a protein has | less than 50 amino acids or equal to 50 amino acids |
| function of enzymes like lactase | They catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions |
| motor protein moves intracellular cargo toward the cell periphery along microtubules | Kinesin |
| What is the specific target and shape of Immunoglobulin proteins in the immune system? | They are Y-shaped proteins that bind to bacteria and viruses |
| How does the peptide hormone insulin regulate body function? | promotes the absorption of glucose into cells |
| The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction is termed | Activation energy |
| How do enzymes affect the activation energy of a chemical reaction | Enzymes lower the activation energy |
| What defines the tertiary structure of a protein | three-dimensional shape of a single peptide chain |
| What is the primary thermodynamic driver for protein folding | The hydrophobic effect |
| How is quaternary protein structure created | formed when multiple polypeptide or protein chains interact to form a larger complex |
| Intrinsically Disordered Proteins | lack a stable secondary structure |
| three physical properties characteristic of Intrinsically Disordered Regions (IDRs) | Highly dynamic, highly flexible, and highly charged |
| In the context of Cryo-EM, what is the 'vitrification method' used for | Preparing a sample by plunge-freezing it into liquid ethane to create amorphous ice |
| random movement of particles in water caused by collisions with small water molecules and ions | Brownian motion |
| molecular dynamics (MD) simulation? | A mathematical model used to simulate the physical movement of atoms 'in silico |
| What is the primary structural difference between organic and inorganic molecules | Organic molecules are primarily made of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen |
| Why is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) considered an inorganic molecule despite containing carbon? | It does not contain hydrogen bonded to the carbon |
| How many covalent bonds can a single carbon atom form | 4 |
| Which three elements compose all carbohydrates? | Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen |
| What are the three most common monosaccharides, | Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose |
| By what chemical reaction are disaccharides formed from two monosaccharides | A dehydration reaction ( the release or production of water ) |
| Maltose | Glucose + Glucose |
| Lactose | Glucose + Galactose |
| Sucrose | Glucose + Fructose |
| What is the term for carbohydrates consisting of 3 to 10 monosaccharide monomers | Oligosaccharides |
| When carbohydrates join with proteins on the cell surface, they form | Glycoproteins |
| What is the primary storage polysaccharide in humans and animals | Glycogen |
| In which two locations of the human body is glycogen primarily stored | The liver and skeletal muscle |
| What is the metabolic purpose of glycogen stored specifically in the liver | It is broken down when blood sugar drops to provide sugar for other cells |
| What is the defining solubility characteristic of lipids | They are nonpolar and will not dissolve in water |
| four main categories of lipids. | Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, and Waxes. |
| Describe the basic structure of a triglyceride | Three fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol backbone |
| Which functional group is found at the 'top' of every fatty acid chain | A carboxyl group |
| Describe the chemical structure of a carboxyl group in a fatty acid | A carbon double bonded to one oxygen and single bonded to a second oxygen |
| Why are saturated fats typically solid at room temperature | Their straight hydrocarbon chains can stack closely together. saturated fats, heavily saturated with water |
Created by:
Zariii