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psyc 4 test

QuestionAnswer
Memory Process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
Encoding Getting information into memory.
Storage Keeping information over time.
Retrieval Getting information back out.
Semantic Encoding Encoding by meaning.
Acoustic Encoding Encoding by sound.
Visual Encoding Encoding by images.
Effortful Processing Requires attention and effort.
Explicit Memory Facts and experiences you consciously recall.
Implicit Memory Skills and conditioned responses without awareness.
Sensory Memory Immediate, brief sensory recording.
Iconic Memory Visual memory lasting <1 second.
Echoic Memory Auditory memory lasting 3–4 seconds.
Short-Term Memory Holds about 7 items for <1 minute.
Working Memory Active processing of information.
Chunking Organizing info into meaningful units.
Mnemonics Memory aids using patterns.
Spacing Effect Distributed practice improves retention.
Testing Effect Retrieval practice strengthens memory.
Long-Term Memory Permanent memory storage.
Hippocampus Forms explicit memories.
Cerebellum Stores procedural memories.
Semantic Memory Facts and general knowledge.
Episodic Memory Personal experiences.
Procedural Memory Motor skills.
Flashbulb Memories Vivid emotional memories that may be inaccurate.
Long-Term Potentiation Strengthening of neural connections.
Recall Retrieving info without cues.
Recognition Identifying info with cues.
Priming Activation of associations.
Context-Dependent Memory Better recall in same environment.
State-Dependent Memory Better recall in same physical/emotional state.
Mood-Congruent Memory Recall matches current mood.
Serial Position Effect First and last items remembered best.
Proactive Interference Old info blocks new info.
Retroactive Interference New info blocks old info.
Anterograde Amnesia Cannot form new memories.
Retrograde Amnesia Cannot remember old memories.
Misinformation Effect Memory altered by misleading info.
Source Amnesia Forgetting where a memory came from.
James-Lange Theory Emotion = physical arousal → emotion.
Cannon-Bard Theory Emotion and arousal happen simultaneously.
Two-Factor Theory Emotion = arousal + cognitive label.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis Facial expressions influence emotion.
Polygraph Measures arousal; unreliable.
Nonverbal Communication Body language and facial expressions.
Six Universal Emotions Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise.
Circadian Rhythm 24-hour biological cycle.
Sleep Cycle About 90 minutes.
NREM-3/4 Deep sleep; delta waves.
REM Sleep Dreaming; brain active, body paralyzed.
Sleep Deprivation Impairs memory, mood, and health.
Dream Theory: File Memories Dreams organize memories.
Homeostasis Body maintaining balance.
Drive Motivated state pushing behavior.
Drive-Reduction Theory Behavior reduces biological needs.
Incentive Theory External rewards pull behavior.
Yerkes-Dodson Law Moderate arousal = best performance.
Intrinsic Motivation Motivation from within.
Extrinsic Motivation Motivation from rewards.
Maslow’s Hierarchy Needs from basic to self-actualization.
Lateral Hypothalamus Stimulates hunger.
Ventromedial Hypothalamus Stops hunger.
Set Point Stable weight range.
Created by: user-2050030
 

 



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